Abstract
Aim:The need for non-parenteral administration of inactivated avian influenza virus of H5N1 subtype (AIV-H5N1) vaccine is paramount. Here, we provide preliminary data on the immune response of chicken and mice after intranasal administration of AIV-H5N1-inactivated vaccine with ISCOMS, Inmunair (INM), and combined ISCOMS and INM as an adjuvant.Materials and Methods:The AIV isolate of A/Chicken/Denpasar/01/2004 (H5N1) was cultivated in specific pathogen-free chicken eggs and inactivated with formaldehyde. The vaccine preparation was added with those adjuvants for intranasal administration and aluminum hydroxide for subcutaneous injection. The chicken and mouse were vaccinated at the age of 3 weeks or 1 month and repeated 2 weeks thereafter. In one experiment, chicken was injected with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) at the same time with AIV vaccine. The sera were collected at one (serum 1) and 2 w (serum 2) after booster vaccination. The anti-AIV-H5 and NDV antibodies in chicken sera were detected using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Mouse IgG anti-AIV-H5N1 antibody was detected using ELISA.Results:The result shows that the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of chicken sera of intranasal vaccinated with inactivated AIV-H5N1 vaccine with mixed ISCOM- INM as adjuvant were <20.0 and 22.7 unit HI-unit (HIU) in serum 1 and serum 2, respectively. The GMTs of the positive control group were 23.7 and 25.7 HIU in serum 1 and serum 2, respectively. The result of the second experiment shows that IgG anti-AIV-H5N1 was detected in mouse sera. In the third experiment, the GMTs of anti-NDV in chicken vaccinated subsequently with inactivated NDV vaccine and AIV-H5N1 with mixed ISCOMS-INM administrated intranasally and aluminum hydroxide adjuvant administrated through subcutaneous injection as well as positive control group receiving NDV vaccine only were 28.0, 28.0, and 27.4 HIU in serum 1 while were 29.6, 29.2, and 28.2 HIU in serum 2, respectively.Conclusion:Intranasal administration of inactivated AIV-H5N1 vaccine-induced a systemic immune response in chicken and mice after adding ISCOMS and/or INM as adjuvants. The adjuvant and the intranasal administration caused no immunosuppressive effect on the chicken immune response to NDV vaccine.
Highlights
Pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the subtype H5N1 (HPAIV-H5N1) have circulated continuously in Asia, Europe, and Africa since 2003 [1]
The result shows that the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of chicken sera of intranasal vaccinated with inactivated AIV-H5N1 vaccine with mixed ISCOM- INM as adjuvant were
Administrated intranasally and aluminum hydroxide adjuvant administrated through subcutaneous injection as well as positive control group receiving Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine only were 28.0, 28.0, and 27.4 HIU in serum 1 while were 29.6, 29.2, and 28.2 HIU in serum 2, respectively
Summary
Pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the subtype H5N1 (HPAIV-H5N1) have circulated continuously in Asia, Europe, and Africa since 2003 [1]. The viruses constantly undergo genetic drift and shift that permanently threats poultry industry and human health [2]. HPAIV-H5N1 is responsible for human fatalities, with Indonesia having the highest. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Human infection is believed as a result of transmission from infected poultry [5]
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