Abstract
The mucosal barriers are very sensitive to pathogenic infection, thereby assuming the capacity of the mucosal immune system to induce protective immunity to harmful antigens and tolerance against harmless substances. This review provides current information about mechanisms of induction of mucosal tolerance and about impact of gut microbiota to mucosal tolerance.
Highlights
The human intestine harbors a whole microbial ecosystem containing over 100 trillion microorganisms that collectively have a total genome consisting of 100-fold more genes than the human genome (Tsai and Coyle, 2009)
The mucosal barriers are very sensitive to pathogenic infection thereby assuming the capacity of the mucosal immune system to induce protective immunity to harmful antigens and tolerance against harmless materials (Weiner et al, 2011)
INTESTINAL INTAKE OF TOLEROGENIC ANTIGEN The intestinal immune system is composed by several essential components such as gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) [Peyer’s patches (PPs) and isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs)] and gut-draining mesenteric lymph nodes, which primarily contribute to the induction of www.frontiersin.org
Summary
The human intestine harbors a whole microbial ecosystem containing over 100 trillion microorganisms that collectively have a total genome (the microbiome) consisting of 100-fold more genes than the human genome (Tsai and Coyle, 2009). Gut microorganisms are the major source of natural antigens that continuously stimulate the GALT and induce mucosal immune tolerance (e.g., local or systemic immune unresponsiveness) to innocuous antigens such as food proteins and molecular components of commensal bacteria (Pabst and Mowat, 2012). Oral tolerance is a phenomenon of suppressing immune responses in the gut and systemic immune system by orally administered antigens. Tolerance to intestinal bacteria and tolerance to food proteins differs by its effects on the immune system. Tolerance to food protein induced through the small intestine influences both local and systemic immune responses, while tolerance to gut bacteria in the colon does not attenuate systemic responses (Pabst and Mowat, 2012). Oral tolerance is able to diminish a broad spectrum of immune responses and could play a key role in maintaining peripheral immune homeostasis
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