Interventions for the Management of Bladder Spasms in Adults with Indwelling Urinary Catheters: A Nursing Practice-Oriented Systematic Review.

Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) is a frequent postoperative complication that significantly impacts the quality of recovery in patients undergoing transurethral surgeries. It manifests as suprapubic pain, an intense urge to void, and bladder spasms due to muscarinic receptor activation. This narrative review provides a comprehensive analysis of CRBD, with a particular focus on bladder spasms in patients treated with transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) or the prostate (TURP). The review explores the underlying pathophysiology, clinical implications, and evidence-based management strategies, including pharmacological interventions such as antimuscarinics and nerve blocks, as well as non-pharmacological measures.

PurposeBladder spasm (BS) and catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) are complications after transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP). The pudendal nerve (PN) innervates the perineum. Therefore, we evaluated whether PN block (PNB) can reduce the incidence of BS and CRBD in patients undergoing HoLEP.MethodsIn this randomized, parallel, single-blind prospective study, we enrolled 110 patients who were scheduled to undergo HoLEP under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly allocated to the PNB group (ultrasound-guided PNB at the entrance of the pudendal [Alcock’s] canal bilaterally; n = 55) or the control group (general anesthesia only; n = 55). The primary outcome was the incidence of BS and CRBD at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively. The CRBD severity, postoperative pain, and analgesic drug use were also assessed. A P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsA significantly lower incidence of BS (P = 0.023) and CRBD (P < 0.001) was reported within the first 24 hours postoperatively in the PNB group. The incidence of CRBD above a moderate grade at 0.5 (P < 0.001), 1 (P < 0.001), 2 (P < 0.001), and 4 (P = 0.019) hours postoperatively was significantly lower in the PNB group. Additionally, postoperative pain scores and analgesic drug use were significantly lower in the PNB group. No PNB-related complications were observed.ConclusionPNB at the entrance of the pudendal canal bilaterally resulted in a lower incidence of BS and CRBD, less postoperative pain, and less analgesic drug use in patients undergoing HoLEP without PNB-related side effects.Implication StatementBladder spasm and catheter-related bladder discomfort can occur in older individuals undergoing transurethral holmium laser enucleation of the prostate. They often result in severe pain and prolonging the hospital stay. We performed a bilateral ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve block at the entrance of the pudendal (Alcock’s) canal and found that the block reduced bladder spasm, catheter-related bladder discomfort, postoperative pain, and use of anesthetics. Besides, pudendal nerve block also decreased the severity of catheter-related bladder discomfort and helped older individuals achieve rapid recovery.

Background/Objectives: Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) commonly occurs in patients undergoing urologic surgery and significantly affects patient comfort and recovery. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of continuous local ropivacaine infusion using a specialized multi-porous urethral catheter in reducing postoperative CRBD. Methods: This multicenter, prospective, randomized, single-blind trial enrolled 136 male patients undergoing short-term catheterization after urologic surgery. Participants were randomized into three groups-a control group receiving saline infusion, Group 1 receiving 0.5% ropivacaine at 1 mL/h, and Group 2 receiving 0.5% ropivacaine at 2 mL/h-for up to 48 h via a multi-porous urethral catheter. The primary outcome was the incidence of CRBD at 24 h postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included changes in urethral pain assessed by a visual analog scale (VAS), urinary symptom scores, complication rates, and patient-reported catheter inconvenience and reuse intention using Likert scales. Results: The incidence of CRBD was significantly lower in Group 1 (19.6%) and Group 2 (11.1%) compared to the control group (44.4%; p = 0.001), demonstrating a clear dose-response relationship. Changes in urethral pain scores (VAS) from baseline were significantly lower in the ropivacaine groups compared to the control (p = 0.023). Complication rates were similar among groups (control 13.3%, Group 1 6.5%, Group 2 15.6%; p = 0.378), although catheter leakage occurred more frequently in Group 2, without statistical significance (p = 0.122). Conclusions: Continuous local ropivacaine infusion using a multi-porous urethral catheter effectively reduces the incidence of postoperative CRBD without increasing side effects. This approach may improve patient comfort during perioperative catheter management.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of preoperative oral gabapentin in preventing postoperative Catheter-Related Bladder Discomfort (CRBD) in surgical patients.Methods: Randomized controlled trials in which gabapentin was used for the prevention of CRBD in surgical patients with transurethral catheterization were evaluated. The primary outcome was the incidence of moderate-to-severe CRBD at 0, 1, 2, and 6 h after surgery, and secondary outcomes included the incidence of any grade CRBD, postoperative pain, and adverse events. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and mean difference (MD), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and P values were estimated using fixed and random effects statistical models. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to rate the levels of certainty for key results.Results: A total of 6 randomized controlled trials involving 679 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Gabapentin significantly reduced the risk of moderate-to-severe CRBD at 0, 1, 2, and 6 h (0 h: RR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.31, p < 0.00001; 1 h: RR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.66, p < 0.001; 2 h: RR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.56, p < 0.00001; 6 h: RR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.38, p < 0.00001). The overall incidence of CRBD at 1 h showed no statistical difference between the two groups (RR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.30 to 1.00, p = 0.05). The risk of CRBD was significantly reduced in the gabapentin group at 0, 2, and 6 h after surgery (0 h: RR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.46 to 0.74, p < 0.0001; 2 h: RR = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.51 to 0.75, p < 0.00001; 6 h: RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.52 to 0.83, p < 0.001). In addition, gabapentin was associated with low postoperative pain intensity without significant side effects.Conclusion: Preoperative oral gabapentin as an adjunct to surgery is effective in decreasing the risk and severity of CRBD over a short time after surgery, and it can decrease postoperative pain without significant side effects. Overall, the level of certainty was moderate to low.Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails, identifier: CRD42021228171.

ABSTRACTBackground and Aims:Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) is identified as a major concern after surgery as it can lead to increased morbidity and prolonged hospital stay. A suitable agent to prevent and treat postoperative CRBD is not yet established, and the literature is scarce in this regard. So, we aimed to find the efficacy of various drugs in preventing CRBD after elective surgery.Methods:The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed for the study, and electronic databases like PubMed Central, Cochrane database and Embase were searched. The methodological quality of selected studies was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Review Manager 5.4.1 was used for statistical analysis.Results:The meta-analysis revealed that antimuscarinic agents were able to lower the incidence of CRBD significantly at 0 hour, 1 hour, 2 hours and 6 hours (P < 0.01) after the surgery. Tramadol was effective at 1 hour, 2 hours and 6 hours postoperatively (P < 0.01), whereas ketamine was effective at 2 and 6 hours (P < 0.01) postoperatively. Antiepileptic drugs (pregabalin and gabapentin) were able to lower the incidence of CRBD at 0 hour (P < 0.01), 1 hour (P < 0.05), 2 hours (P < 0.05) and 6 hours (P < 0.01) postoperatively while dexmedetomidine at 0 hour (P < 0.01) and 2 hours (P < 0.01) after the surgery. Injections paracetamol, amikacin and diphenhydramine were also shown to reduce the incidence of CRBD in separate randomised controlled trials.Conclusion:The current meta-analysis showed that antimuscarinic agents, tramadol, pregabalin, gabapentin, paracetamol and dexmedetomidine are effective in significantly reducing the incidence of postoperative CRBD.

Postoperative bladder spasm is a prevalent complication during the indwelling catheter period after radical prostatectomy (RP), affecting patient recovery and quality of life. This study aimed to identify preoperative patient characteristics that predict bladder spasm during the catheter-indwelling period in discharged patients following RP. A retrospective analysis of 126 patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent RP by a single surgeon between February 2023 and February 2024 was conducted. Preoperative clinical characteristics and pathologic data were collected. The presence of bladder spasm and related symptoms postoperatively was assessed until catheter removal. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors for bladder spasm and its manifestations. Of the 126 eligible patients, 58 (46.0%) experienced bladder spasm. Higher International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) (P = 0.009) and lower educational levels, particularly primary school (P = 0.002) and junior high school (P = 0.044), were significantly associated with bladder spasm in multivariate analyses. Additionally, anxiety was related to a higher odds ratio of catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) (P = 0.016). Preoperative factors, particularly higher IPSS, lower educational level, and preoperative anxiety, are significant predictors of bladder spasm and related symptoms following RP. These results highlight the importance of preoperative factors in prediction postoperative complications, informing personalized perioperative care and may assist in the development of targeted interventions to improve patient outcomes and potentially reduce postoperative complications.

Background Postoperative bladder spasms in prostate cancer patients have the potential to significantly impact their quality of life following surgery. It is essential to investigate the risk factors associated with bladder spasms in this patient population post-radical surgery to develop effective prevention strategies. Methods A prospective selection was conducted on 281 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy in our hospital from March 2022 to March 2024. They were divided into two groups based on whether bladder spasms occurred after surgery: the occurrence group (n = 130) and the non occurrence group (n = 151). Logistic regression analysis was performed on possible related factors to construct a column chart risk model. Another 43 prostate cancer patients who underwent radical surgery were selected to validate the model. Results The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative anxiety, postoperative body temperature above 37.4, and flushing fluid speed &gt; 150 drops/min were independent risk factors for bladder spasms in prostate cancer patients after radical surgery (OR &gt; 1), while robotic surgery were independent protective factors (OR = 0.563). A column chart prediction model was established based on the risk factors affecting postoperative bladder spasms, and internal validation was performed using Bootstrap method with 1000 repeated samples. The predicted values of the calibration curve were basically consistent with the actual values, and the Hosmer Lemeshow goodness of fit test was performed χ2 = 7.802, P = 0.453, the area under the ROC curve is 0.688 (95%CI: 0.626–0.750). Conclusions The occurrence of bladder spasms in prostate cancer patients after radical surgery is influenced by multiple factors, and the risk warning model established based on these factors has good predictive performance.

Background:The ideal measures to prevent postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) remain unestablished. We conducted the systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the significance of potential interventions.Methods:We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis statement guidelines, and searched databases from MEDLINE, EMBASE, and referred Cochrane Library for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published before December 2014. Reference lists from reviews or related articles were screened and checked for the related RCTs. Data extraction was performed carefully by 2 authors, respectively, and methodological quality was assessed by scoring system. Meta-analysis was applied for studies using the similar strategies or same reagents on the similar participants focused on CRBD. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of postoperative CRBD.Results:We identified 8 RCTs with interventions ranging from perioperative managements to pharmacological or multicomponent interventions. Meta-analysis showed ketamine was associated with less incidence of CRBD compared with placebo (pool risk ratio [RR] = −0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.17–3.44, P < 0.01) at 0 hour, 1 hour (RR = −0.26, 95%CI = −0.38 to −0.13, P < 0.01), and 2 hours (RR = 0.31, 95%CI = 0.17–0.55, P < 0.01) and 6 hours (RR = 0.23, 95% CI = 0.11–0.49, P < 0.01) after operation. Oxybutynin did not affect the incidence of CRBD (RR = 0.46, 95%CI = 0.20–1.03, P = 0.06). Anticholinergic drugs also lower the incidence of CRBD at 0 hour (RR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.38–0.71, P < 0.01), 1 hour (RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.51–0.86, P < 0.01), 2 hours (RR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.46–0.84, P < 0.01), and 6 hours (RR = 0.56, 95%CI = 0.38–0.81, P < 0.01) postoperatively. Tramadol and gabapentin were also useful in lower the incidence and severity of CRBD in a RCT with 50 patients.Conclusion:The included studies showed great effectiveness in incidence of postoperative CRBD. Meta-analysis supported that ketamine, oxybutynin, and anticholinergic reagents interventions were useful in preventing postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort.

Introduction: Uremic pruritus or Chronic Kidney Disease-associated Pruritus (CKD-aP) is a common complication in hemodialysis patients, with a prevalence of 30-70%. Pharmacological therapy is often ineffective or has side effects, so non-pharmacological therapy is an important alternative. Objective: This systematic review aims to identify and evaluate non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions in reducing the intensity of uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients. Methods: The systematic review uses the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The databases used in the article search consist of EBSCO, PUBMED, ProQuest, CINAHL, and Wiley using relevant keywords based on the topic and title of the study. Article selection uses the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) diagram method, with a total of 4,127 articles obtained. 5 articles were obtained according to the inclusion criteria and analyzed descriptively narratively and have met the quality review using the JBI (Joanna Briggs Critical Appraising Methodology) guidelines. Results: Five research articles with non-pharmacological therapeutic interventions consisting of topical Anethum Graveolens oil, topical Sweet Almond oil, topical violet oil, acupressure and auricular pressure. Conclusion: The findings of this systematic review indicate that non-pharmacological interventions in the form of topical Anethum Graveolens oil, topical Sweet Almond oil, topical violet oil, acupressure and auricular pressure can reduce the severity of uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients. Non-pharmacological therapy has the potential to be an effective, safe, and easy-to-implement intervention to reduce uremic pruritus in hemodialysis patients. However, high-quality studies are needed to ensure long-term effectiveness.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the efficacy and safety of intravesical bupivacaine instillation in reducing catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) after transurethral surgery. The study enrolled 100 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade I-III patients aged ≥18 years undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate or transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, randomly assigned to Group B (intravesical bupivacaine) or Group S (saline). Double blinding was employed. Independent variables included demographics, surgery type, ASA grade, and intervention details. Dependent variables comprised CRBD severity, Patient Perception of Bladder Condition (PPBC), Pelvic Pain Urgency Frequency (PUF), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain, need for additional analgesics, and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). SPSS version 19 was used for analysis with a significance level of P < 0.05. Side effects such as hematuria were also recorded. Group B reported significantly lower "moderate" CRBD immediately (2% vs. 40%, P < 0.001) and at 12 h (0% vs. 18%, P = 0.003) post-instillation compared to Group S and also required fewer additional analgesics (4% vs. 46%). The PPBC at catheter removal also favored Group B (P = 0.003) and day 1 (P < 0.001). The PUF scores were also significantly lower in Group B at catheter removal (P = 0.001) and at day 1 (P = 0.028). The IPSS was also significantly lower in the Group B on day 1 (P = 0.003) and 7 (P = 0.001). The VAS scores also favored the Group B consistently and although the side effects were higher in Group B but this was not statistically significant. Intravesical bupivacaine administration has the potential to alleviate CRBD and postoperative LUTS following lower urinary tract transurethral electrosurgery. The study's findings underscore the importance of personalized pain management strategies in optimizing the patient comfort during the postoperative recovery.

Introduction:Bladder spasms caused by indwelling urinary catheters are a serious burden in patients in all settings. Medication may help, but comes with side effects. Little has been described on non-pharmacological interventions in day-to-day care. This systematic review aims to present an overview of interventions that nurses can apply to reduce bladder spasms in patients with indwelling urinary catheters, when removing the catheter is not an option. Material and methods:A systematic review was conducted, in accordance with PRISMA-guidelines. Terms focusing on urinary catheters and bladder spasms were searched for in EAUN Guidelines, Pallialine (NL), Cochrane, Cinahl, PubMed and Embase. A quality assessment was executed, using a critical review form, resulting in low, good or high quality reports. A best-evidence synthesis was carried out for similar interventions. Strong evidence means consistent findings in more than one high-quality report. Moderate evidence means consistent findings in one good-quality and at least one low-quality report. Insufficient evidence means one report found or inconsistent findings in more than one report. Results:After deduplication of 4.208 records, 2.658 unique records were screened for inclusion criteria, resulting in 20 included reports. The quality assessment identified 15 reports of low, 4 reports of good and 1 report of high quality. The best-evidence synthesis resulted in seven interventions with moderate evidence: reduce balloon size, fixation of catheter, use catheter valve, secure urine bag, treat constipation, increase fluid intake and a balanced, fiber-rich diet. Some interventions were only described in low-quality reports, resulting in low to moderate evidence: avoid bladder irritants, wait 24–48 h, resolve blockage of catheter and tubing, place urine bag lower than bladder. Other found interventions had insufficient evidence. Discussion:Most reports found were of low or good quality. However, many articles advocate for the same interventions, resulting in seven interventions of moderate evidence. Conclusions:Five interventions with low to moderate evidence need to be researched more thoroughly. In conclusion, the following interventions, easily applied by nurses, were found: reduce the balloon size, fixate the catheter, secure the urine bag or use a catheter valve, treat constipation, increase fluid intake and advice a balanced, fiber-rich diet.

Catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) is a common and distressing complication following transurethral urologic procedures such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT). This prospective observational study investigated the role of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors in predicting the severity of postoperative bladder spasms. A total of 122 patients were enrolled, and bladder discomfort was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) during their postoperative hospital stay. Most clinical and surgical variables, including anesthesia type, procedure type, catheter type, energy modality, and patient demographics, showed no significant association with bladder discomfort severity. However, catheter balloon volume emerged as a significant predictor, with patients receiving 40 mL balloon volumes reporting higher VAS scores compared to those with smaller volumes (p = 0.003). Additionally, a weak but statistically significant correlation was found between hematocrit drop and VAS scores (rho = 0.18, p = 0.047), suggesting a possible link between intraoperative blood loss and postoperative discomfort. These findings highlight the potential for simple interventions, such as optimizing catheter balloon volume, to alleviate CRBD and enhance postoperative recovery.

There is uncertainty about the most appropriate ways to manage non-respiratory sleep disturbances in children with neurodisabilities (NDs). To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of NHS-relevant pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions to manage sleep disturbance in children and young people with NDs, who have non-respiratory sleep disturbance. Sixteen databases, including The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EMBASE and MEDLINE, were searched up to February 2017, and grey literature searches and hand-searches were conducted. For pharmacological interventions, only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. For non-pharmacological interventions, RCTs, non-randomised controlled studies and before-and-after studies were included. Data were extracted and quality assessed by two researchers. Meta-analysis and narrative synthesis were undertaken. Data on parents' and children's experiences of receiving a sleep disturbance intervention were collated into themes and reported narratively. Thirty-nine studies were included. Sample sizes ranged from 5 to 244 participants. Thirteen RCTs evaluated oral melatonin. Twenty-six studies (12 RCTs and 14 before-and-after studies) evaluated non-pharmacological interventions, including comprehensive parent-directed tailored (n = 9) and non-tailored (n = 8) interventions, non-comprehensive parent-directed interventions (n = 2) and other non-pharmacological interventions (n = 7). All but one study were reported as having a high or unclear risk of bias, and studies were generally poorly reported. There was a statistically significant increase in diary-reported total sleep time (TST), which was the most commonly reported outcome for melatonin compared with placebo [pooled mean difference 29.6 minutes, 95% confidence interval (CI) 6.9 to 52.4 minutes; p = 0.01]; however, statistical heterogeneity was extremely high (97%). For the single melatonin study that was rated as having a low risk of bias, the mean increase in TST was 13.2 minutes and the lower CI included the possibility of reduced sleep time (95% CI -13.3 to 39.7 minutes). There was mixed evidence about the clinical effectiveness of the non-pharmacological interventions. Sixteen studies included interventions that investigated the feasibility, acceptability and/or parent or clinician views of sleep disturbance interventions. The majority of these studies reported the 'family experience' of non-pharmacological interventions. Planned subgroup analysis was possible in only a small number of melatonin trials. There is some evidence of benefit for melatonin compared with placebo, but the degree of benefit is uncertain. There are various types of non-pharmacological interventions for managing sleep disturbance; however, clinical and methodological heterogeneity, few RCTs, a lack of standardised outcome measures and risk of bias means that it is not possible to draw conclusions with regard to their effectiveness. Future work should include the development of a core outcome, further evaluation of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions and research exploring the prevention of, and methods for identifying, sleep disturbance. Research mapping current practices and exploring families' understanding of sleep disturbance and their experiences of obtaining help may facilitate service provision development. This study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42016034067. The National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

Pain is the most frequent reason for seeking health care and it can significantly interfere with the patient’s physical, emotional and spiritual well-being. Pain management is a very important aspect of nursing care and it has been documented that nurses use non – pharmacological interventions which have unique advantages in relieving pain that medications do not have such as giving the patients a more active role in managing their pain. This cross – sectional study therefore was aimed at evaluating the non – pharmacological interventions for pain management used by nurses at the Mezam polyclinic Bamenda, Cameroon. 30 male and female nurses were randomly selected to take part in this study. Data was collected using a self – administered questionnaire composed of both open and closed ended questions and was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. The results showed that most of the nurses were females (70.0%) in the age range of 20 – 29 years (53.0%) who had mostly obtained a diploma in nursing (43.3%). Majority of the nurses had been trained on non – pharmacological pain management (87%). Most of the nurses reported using combined non – pharmacological pain management interventions such as counselling, distraction and massage (56.0%) with heat/cold compress (20.0%) being the most common single non – pharmacological therapy used followed by distraction (13.0%). The main health care system barriers to the use of non – pharmacological intervention was nurses’ work load (40.0%) while the main patient related barrier was patient’s strong believe in analgesics (50.0%). In conclusion, majority of the nurses at the Mezam polyclinic have been trained on non – pharmacological pain management (87%) with most of them using combined non – pharmacological pain management interventions such as counselling, distraction and massage (56.0%). The main barriers to the use of non – pharmacological interventions were nurses’ work load (40.0%) and patient’s strong believe in analgesics (50.0%).

Background: Recent advancements in the field of medical technology have illuminated that the implementation of virtual reality interventions can be highly effective in managing cancer-related fatigue. Moreover, this innovative intervention has demonstrated a substantial improvement in patients’ overall well-being and daily functioning. Thus, it represents a promising alternative to traditional pharmacological treatments by effectively addressing symptoms and enhancing quality of life. Therefore, the integration of this approach signifies a significant advancement in patient care. Nevertheless, despite the ongoing efforts to diversify non-pharmacological treatments, pharmacological interventions are still the predominant method for managing cancer-related fatigue. Aim: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of immersive virtual reality in cancer-related fatigue management, and to explore the main side effects of immersive virtual reality. Methods: This systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards. Several online databases were used to find eligible studies in peer-reviewed journals relevant to the study keywords. Specifically, the included studies were systematic reviews and clinical trials that used immersive virtual reality-based intervention among adult patients with cancer and suffering from cancer-related fatigue. As well as were published in the English language from 2014 to 2024. As well as, three researchers independently contributed to study selections, data extraction, and study evaluations from different aspects: including quality assessment, risk of bias, and study synthesis. Results: After an extensive and comprehensive search, a total of ten published studies were included in this review study; 6 articles were quantitative clinical trial studies, and the other 4 were systematic review and meta-analysis studies. The quality of 6 included clinical trials was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool for quantitative studies, the overall result showed that 33.3% of studies rated with moderate quality, no study was rated with low quality, and (66.7%) studies rated as high-quality studies. As well, the quality assessment of all review studies showed that all included systematic reviews and meta-analyses with a low risk of bias and high to moderate power of evidence. The result of this extensive and comprehensive review showed that immersive virtual reality has a significant effect in reducing cancer-related fatigue, however, still, there is a significant variation in the employment of immersive Virtual Reality protocols for cancer symptom management worldwide. Conclusion: Immersive virtual reality is an effective non-pharmacological intervention in reducing and controlling cancer-related fatigue among patients with various types of cancer, as well as being an affordable, cost-effective approach. Nevertheless, there remains a notable gap in the existing literature concerning virtual reality protocols, associated side effects, and the underlying mechanisms by which immersive virtual reality alleviates fatigue. Therefore, further research studies are warranted to address these gaps and advance our understanding in these areas.