Abstract
Physical exercise is considered to delay bone loss associated with post-menopausal estrogen deficiency in women. However, the optimal training regimen for maximal bone accrual has not yet been defined. We, therefore, turned to ovariectomized (OVX) C57BL/6 mice and directly compared a low intensity endurance training on the treadmill to medium and high intensity interval trainings tailored to the individual performance limits. Trainings lasted 30 min each and were performed five times/week. After a 5-week training period, mice were sacrificed, and the hind legs were analyzed for assessment of (i) biomechanical stability (three-point bending test), (ii) bone microarchitecture [micro-computed tomography (μCT)], (iii) mineral apposition rate (MAR; histomorphometry), and (iv) muscle volume (MRI). Increased running speeds and quadriceps femoris muscle volumes in trained mice confirmed positive impacts on the cardiopulmonary system and myoinduction; however, none of the treadmill training regimens prevented ovariectomy induced bone loss. Our results provide evidence that treadmill training impacts differentially on the various members of the musculoskeletal unit and call for further experiments investigating frequency and duration of training regimens.
Highlights
Osteoporosis is a major health care problem that is characterized by a loss of bone mass that can lead to pain, immobility, and fragility fractures that, in turn, result in increased mortality (WHO Scientific Group Meeting on Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis, 2004)
Around 5 weeks of continuous treadmill training resulted in accumulated muscle volume
We here showed that 5 weeks of continuous treadmill exercise resulted in significant training effects with respect to muscle volume and running speeds
Summary
Osteoporosis is a major health care problem that is characterized by a loss of bone mass that can lead to pain, immobility, and fragility fractures that, in turn, result in increased mortality (WHO Scientific Group Meeting on Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis, 2004). Osteoporosis is primarily a disease of the elderly; in six European countries (Italy, Spain, Sweden, France, Germany, and UK), a total of 16 million women and 4 million men suffered from osteoporosis in 2015 (International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2019). 3.2% of women over the age of 50 are affected by fragility fractures every year. Interval Training of Ovariectomized Mice at the age of 50 of experiencing a hip fracture is even higher: up to 22.8% for women and up to 13.7% for men (International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2019). There are adverse events that, in the case of continuous bisphosphonate uptake, are associated with atypical femoral fractures or osteonecrosis of the jaw bones (Khan, 2008; Chatterjee, 2013)
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