Interrupted Modernity in Santiago de Chile

Freedom and Capitalism in Early Modern Europe: Mercantilism and the Making of the Modern Economic Mind

254 Max Weber Studies Erik Grimmer-Solem, The Rise of Historical Economics and Social Reform in Germany 1864-1894 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), pp. xiii + 322 + index. ISBN 0-19-926041-9. £55.00. This book is rather more limited in scope than the title suggests, turning on the Verein für Socialpolitik as an instrument of social reform and treating Schmoller and Brentano as emblematic of the professoriate who dominated that organization. Although not directly stated, the beginning of the period treated can be linked to Schmoller's 1864 article 'Die Arbeiterfrage', an evaluation of the debate between Schulze-Delitzsch and Lassalle concerning the degree to which self-help or state assistance might resolve the 'labour question', and which provided a template for the Verein's programme (p. 138). Brentano figures here alongside Schmoller chiefly because of his early inter est in trade union and guild organization. The final chapter is given over to a detailed treatment of the Methodenstreit, concluding with the 1894 Vienna conference of the Verein, symbolizing the way in which questions of social reform and social policy closed that methodological controversy. Grimmer-Solem places a political slant on the confrontation of Carl Menger and Gustav Schmoller, countering Menger's politi cal quietism, if not conservatism, with Schmoller' s active embrace of a social agenda for the social sciences. Social reform is hence linked firmly to the Historical School and detached from the 'new economics', an approach which does however read into the economic sciences of the period an explicit polarization that originated much later, between American institutionalism and an emergent neoclassical economics no earlier than the late 1930s. This is doubly unfortunate. For one thing, many Soviet economists of the 1920s received their early training in 'Austrian economics' overlaid with Marxist terminology. On the other hand, inter-war criticism of socialist planning was countered with arguments drawing on Walrasian general equilibrium econom ics. From the perspective set up by Grimmer-Solem, the ease with which Marxist economists (usually placed in the 'historical' camp) drew on Walras and Menger becomes a real puzzle. Furthermore, in England during the period covered by this book, social reform was an agenda common to proponents of the 'new economics' and those of a more historical cast, chiefly associated with Oxford in the 1880s. The linkage that Grimmer-Solem makes between the German Historical School and social reform is therefore more empirical than theoretico-ideological. Social reformers in Germany might or might not have been historical economists; while some members of the 'Historical School', such as Wagner, are certainly not social reformers in the mould of Schmoller and Brentano. While the agenda for social reform is well established by Grimmer-Solem, little prominence is given to what counted as 'economics' during this period, indepen dently of whatever 'economists' wrote and talked about. Historical economics becomes by default therefore what historical economists do, establishing an uneasy circularity in the underlying theses of the book. But it should be said there is no better definition available, as is shown in the first chapter 'What Was the Histor ical School? A Critical Reassessment'. Among other things this chapter reviews recent commentary, both in German and English, which seeks to establish the con tours of this 'school', or question the utility of approaching late-nineteenth century German economics in its terms. As early as 1891 John Neville Keynes had criticized Schmoller's immoderate rejection of political economy and suggested that his 'rev olutionary' programme amounted to a merging of political economy and economic ) Max Weber Studies 2008. Book Reviews 255 history, or in any case of political economy with the philosophy of economic his tory.1 'Historical economics', was always an unrealized methodological aspiration, underwritten by a pragmatic classical eclecticism, and not a substantive alternative perspective to the 'new economics' of the later nineteenth century. 'Historical econ omists' (Schmoller, or Ashley, or Cunningham) were simply not that interested in economic theory, their critiques of contemporary economics always being method ological rather than substantive in character. Carl Knies' Heidelberg lectures of the 1880s, for example, present as their founding principles a 'moderate' version of clas sical political economy critical of Ricardian doctrine but distinct from...

The recently concluded twentieth century has witnessed the rise of economic history as a discipline in China. During this century, the discipline has gone through the stages of inception, formation, transformation, and renaissance. At present it is facing unprecedented challenges. In this paper I will review the evolution of the discipline and analyze the major characteristics of the discipline in accordance with these four stages. Finally I will discuss the probable future of the discipline in the twenty-first century. First I would like to explain briefly the meaning of “economic history” as it is understood in Chinese academic circles. In China, throughout most of the twentieth century “economic history” included both social history and economic history. For this reason, the terms “economic history,” “social history” and “socioeconomic history” were often used interchangeably, particularly in the earlier periods. Only since the late 1980s has some sort of differentiation appeared and more specialized social history and economic history have emerged. Even so, the majority of Chinese scholars still have been working in the paradigm of socioeconomic history, similar, in some respects, with the “economic and social history” which has risen in the West since the 1960s. In sum, in this paper “economic history” refers to “socio-economic history,” not “economic history” in a strict sense.

In the past dozen years, the Internet has become a major source of information for modern social and economic history. Given the overwhelming abundance of these sources, it is useful for researchers who want to take advantage of these data to have finding guides, in the style of the older guides prepared for individual archives. It is our aim in this first essay to provide such a guide for Internet sources on Brazilian history.The primary material now available on the Web tends to be of the highest quality. Although much qualitative material produced directly for the Web is of dubious reliability, most of the statistical and graphic materials available were generated by the agencies that gather and produce this material for Brazil and are the same as those available in print. Often, the data provided are more complete than can be obtained in any print-based archive. One potential problem with using Web materials is determining the source of data, in order to judge its quality. International agencies, foreign governments, and NGOs are involved in producing social and economic data on Brazil. Much of this information is usually of the same high quality as that generated by Brazilian government agencies; the data is either generated by these non-Brazilian government agencies or taken directly from the primary Brazilian producing institutions. In some cases, secondary agencies such as the UN’s FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) provide more detailed information than Brazilian governmental sources. But in some cases, as with the World Bank and some other UN agencies, these data may conflict with information produced in Brazil, either because they have used Brazilian data that is out-of-date or rely on their own estimates, which may not be as accurate as the most current governmental statistics. In these cases, we recommend relying on the original Brazilian materials.It should be stressed that the Brazilian government, at all levels and across its various agencies, maintains these Web sites free or charge to all users, with no need to register, obtain a subscription, or pay a fee. The only exception is the subscriptions gateway maintained by CAPES, intended for Brazilian scholars who need access to subscription pay sites outside Brazil (http://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br). This open access is not the norm for many European and UN Web sites, which often require formal registration and sometimes charge usage fees. I have included this in my descriptions and suggest access through your local university.In comparison with most other countries, Brazil’s research institutes and government agencies both produce excellent quantitative materials and make them available on the Web. Most Brazilian Web sites offer good search functions, a crucial component of any site, and usually make it easy to download materials in either text, PDF, HTML, or spreadsheet formats (from generic CSV to Excel and Lotus). Maps and other graphic materials are becoming ever more abundant, usually provided in standard graphic compression formats (most often as JPEG or GIF files) or imbedded in PDF files. Almost all governmental Web sites also provide excellent links that can be used to expand the search for materials in other national and international agencies and organizations. Some sites offer a complete gateway (“portal” in Portuguese) that leads in a coherent way to subagencies or institutions within a given area.In providing this guide, we have grouped Web sites into sources that produce the original data and then grouped these and other institutions into broad social and economic categories. In each case we provide the Web site for the institution producing the data. But as anyone who has done Web searches knows, URLs often change or disappear. In these cases we recommend using a search engine such as Google to find the new addresses. Finally, for grammatical reasons, some of the URLs listed below end in a period in this document. But for searching purposes this period should be removed as they are not part of the Internet address.1. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), http://www.ibge.gov.br, the federal government’s national statistical bureau and clearly the single-most important Brazilian institution producing social, economic, and geographical data. IBGE’s site has a very useful links section, with lists of federal, state, and municipal government home pages, as well as federal, state, and municipal university sites. It also contains sources for geographic information and gives URLs for international organizations that provide information relevant to Brazil. Researchers can either download summary tables from the site or, through their special service SIDRA (see below), create their own tables of economic and social information taken from IBGE’s various censuses and surveys of population, the economy, and even of households (the famous PNAD surveys). The ability to generate personalized datasets is a very useful and unusual feature of this site.2. Ministério da Educação, http://www.mec.gov.br, offers general information on education, as well as access to several other important federal government agencies that work in this area, such as Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento da Educação (FNDE), the Conselho Nacional de Educação (CFE), the Fundo do Ensino Fundamental (FUNDEF), the Coordenação e Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal do Ensino Superior (CAPES), the Fundescola, and the Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais (INEP).The INEP is the research branch of the ministry, and their site (http://www.inep.gov.br/default.asp) offers a great variety of information, including formal educational censuses.3. Ministério da Previdência e Assistência Social (Social Services and Welfare), http://www.mpas.gov.br/#, provides information concerning welfare, work accidents, and even annual census materials related to these themes, especially under the section “Estatísticas.”4. Ministério da Saúde (Health), http://www.datasus.gov.br/, offers data related to public health and other social concerns. The ministry also administers an excellent gateway to all other agencies in Brazil dealing with health: http://portal.saude.gov.br/saude/.5. Banco Central do Brasil, http://www.bacen.gov.br, is a valuable source of primary information on the Brazilian economy that can be accessed through “Sistema Financeiro Nacional” and “Informações Econômicas e Financeiras” and offers general statistics on the economy and financial systems, with dozens of statistical series, short-term economic indicators, and macroeconomic information. The institution also generates numerous publications, including periodicals, special studies, and technical notes. The Central Bank’s data is notable for its quality and frequency. The Central Bank also provides information on the expanding agricultural sector, with statistics relative to various agricultural markets and public and private financing. Finally, it offers a gateway in both English and Portuguese, at http://www.bb.com.br/appbb/portal/index.jsp.6. Ministério da Fazenda (Treasury), http://www.fazenda.gov.br, contains much economic information, including data on the public debt and fiscal information, and an excellent set of links. The ministry also has legislative information, including acts related to the Treasury. Here one can also find copies of all the agreements signed between Brazil and the IMF.7. Caixa Econômica Federal (Federal Savings Bank), http://www.caixa.gov.br; through its “Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço,” the Caixa is the principal source of funding in the areas of Housing and Sanitation. Its site provides qualitative information on its programs, as well as relevant legislation. Unfortunately, the site offers no statistical information.8. Ministério do Planejamento, Controle e Gestão (Planning), http://www.planejamento.gov.br, presents general information concerning long-term federal investments, budget outlays, and principal programs. It also offers information on the relation of the federal government to international agencies and the administration of federal state enterprises. It offers links to a large number of national and international public agencies. The best social and economic research center in Brazil—IPEA—is located within this ministry but is discussed separately below (see section 4.2).9. Ministério da Agricultura, http://www.agricultura.gov.br/, is a very useful site with information on the production and commercialization of agricultural products. It also gives access to dozens of federal and state agencies on agriculture and food supply. A subsection of the ministry is the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), one of the principal research centers in the country, http://www.embrapa.br. The site offers access to the fundamental “Base de Dados da Pesquisa Agropecuária de 2002,” which gives the latest statistical information (http://bdpa.cnptia.embrapa.br). Information on family agriculture can be found at http://gipaf.cnptia.embrapa.br. A virtual library with emphasis on agriculture can be accessed at http://www.sct.embrapa.br/liv/. Here one also finds the “Rede Nacional de Meteorologia,” offering information on climate and agricultural regions: http://masrv54.agricultura.gov.br/rna.10. Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego (Labor and Employment), http://www.mte.gov.br, contains information on unemployment insurance, annual employment figures in the private sector, and retirement plans from the Fundo de Garantia por Tempo de Serviço (FGTS). The “Estatísticas” section offers statistical materials on themes such as the “Relação Anual de Informações Sociais,” which gives annual data sent by private companies that contract workers. The site also presents employment and unemployment data from the “Salário Desemprego” and the “Sistema Nacional de Emprego (SINE),” data on work-related accidents, and other information related to workers.11. Ministério do Desenvolvimento Indústria e Comércio Exterior (Indus trial Development and Foreign Commerce), http://www.mdic.gov.br/default.asp, provides information on foreign trade, costs of production in various economic sectors, and research on productivity in general. It reproduces material from its Anuário Estatístico da Secretaria de Desenvolvimento da Produção on the Gross Domestic Product (PIB), as well as employment data for the industrial sector. This site also has a gateway to agencies that with deal with inter-industrial productive relations.A subsection of this ministry is the National Economic and Social Development Bank (Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social, BNDES, which has an excellent site at http://www.bndes.gov.br. “Estudos e Publicações” presents statistical studies concerning the principal economic sectors, especially related to basic inputs and infrastructure, as well as material on social and urban development. The BNDES, as the administrator of the national program of privatization, also furnishes important information on this theme.The IBGE offers a very detailed listing of summary statistics and maps for every municipality in the country, showing the latest population, economic, and social data, at http://www.ibge.gov.br/cidadesat/default.php.Many of the states’ own statistical agencies maintain excellent Internet sites. São Paulo’s Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (SEADE), http://www.seade.gov.br, provides basic statistics on the state’s population and economy and direct access to the “Memória das Estatísticas Demográficas,” http://www.seade.gov.br/500anos, which presents, among other types of information, demographic statistics on the state’s municípios over the past one hundred years, along with useful historical maps. The SEADE site also offers links to all of Brazil’s state statistical agencies—for example, the Centro de Informações e Dados do Rio de Janeiro (Fundação CIDE), http://www.cide.rj.gov.br, and the Fundação João Pinheiro do Governo de Minas Gerais, http://www.fjp.gov.br.The IBGE site also offers links to many municipal governments, but there is also a special gateway to all municípios, Municípionline, at http://www.municipionline.com.br. http://brasilchannel.com.br/municipios serves a similar purpose. Finally “Rede Governo,” http://www.redegoverno.gov.br, functions as a gateway to numerous government agencies and services at all levels, including to Brazilian legislation.1. Under the section “População,” the IBGE site presents a series of statistical information, primarily demographic in nature. The two most important are the results from the last two national censuses, 1991 and 2000. This sectional also offers much information on health, education, labor force activity, and even sanitation, disaggregated at the national, state, and municipal levels. Another important subsection contains information from the famous household surveys—the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios, or PNAD, which has been systematically gathered from a very large national sample since the 1960s and is one of the most important periodical surveys carried out in Brazil. These surveys collect detailed information on income, employment, and housing, as well as educational and demographic data. Many of the earlier surveys are now available on CD, and data from the 2001 PNAD are already available on the Web. Vital statistics are found in the subsection “Estatisticas de Registro Civil,” which contains data on births, deaths, marriages, and divorce/separation for 1997–98 and 1999–2000. Life tables (“tabua de vida”) are available for 2000 and 2001. Finally, the latest population estimates and projections, made in 2000 and projecting basic demographic indices through 2050, can be obtained through FTP.One can link from the main IBGE site to their special Web program, SIDRA (“Sistema IBGE de Recuperação Automática”), at http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda. As mentioned earlier, this system allows users to create their own tables of selected data, controlling its tabular presentation, level of desegregation, and geographic scope. The tables created can either be viewed as HTML to cut- and-paste, or saved as a file in various formats.1 SIDRA contains both demographic and economic and social data2. Núcleo de Estudos em Demografia Histórica (NEDH), http://members.tripod.com/~Historia_Demografica/INDEX.HTM, publishes an online journal, as well as important bibliographic information and working papers. “Rol On-Line: Relação de Trabalhos Publicados na Área de História Demográfica” contains bibliographic citations and hundreds of summaries of articles.3. Associação Brasileira de Estudos Populacionais (ABEP), http://www.abep.org.br, offers access to numerous demographic studies, as well as links to other national and international institutions that have an interest in Brazilian demographic conditions.4. Centro de Documentação (CENDOC) do Núcleo de Estudos da Popu-lação (NEPO), http://www.unicamp.br/nepo, provides qualitative information and access to bibliographic data and studies produced by the researchers of the center. It also possesses a link to listings of similar institutions.5. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, Santiago de Chile, (ECLAC/CEPAL), http://www.eclac.cl, is an important UN regional agency providing fundamental comparative economic and social information. Access to its more-detailed statistical information (as with most UN agencies) may require a university subscription. However, their important studies, many of which have very detailed statistical information, are available in PDF format. Their most important publication is the Statistical Yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean, a fundamental source of excellent materials. They also publish special reports, such as Foreign Investment in Latin America and the Caribbean—2002 Report, and Social Panorama of Latin America 2001–2002. CEPAL is also the parent for the Centro Latinamericano y Caribeño de Demografía (CELADE), http://www.eclac.cl/celade/. CELADE works closely with all the Latin American government statistical agencies, including IBGE. Its site contains excellent demographic information, and the agency publishes the Boletín Demográfico, which can be accessed online and which normally concentrates on a different theme each issue (urbanization, for example). An examination of the CELADE publications list shows around 2,500 documents, reports, and publications related to Brazil.6. The United Nations Population Division, http://www.un.org/popin, is the best source for international demographic materials, some of which go back to the mid–twentieth century, but requires a university subscription for access. The Population Division also produced An Historical Supplement covering world and country data from 1948–97, available on CD-ROM. The organization collects data on housing, vital statistics, and social indicators, along with information about migration, urbanization, refugees, and so on.7. The World Health Organization of the United Nations can best be used through its WHOSIS search engine (WHO Statistical Information System), http://www3.who.int/whosis/menu.cfm. The WHO also can lead one to the regional health organization PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), http://www.paho.org/default.htm. Data can be found at the section called “Health Data.”8. U.S. Census Bureau, International Program Center, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/index.html, contains information on Brazil and the other countries of Latin America. A list of publications is available at http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbnew.html.9. IPUMS International, http://www.ipums.umn.edu/international/index.shtml, at the University of Minnesota, is currently generating public-use samples (of individuals) from Latin American censuses in the twentieth century, available in either SAS or SPSS format.10. Institut National d’Études Démographique (INED), http://www.ined.fr/population-en-chiffres/indexF.html, maintains a great quantity of demographic information from all the countries of the world.11. Max Plank Institute, http://www.demogr.mpg.de, and the University of California at Berkeley, Department of Demography, maintain an online historical mortality database. This excellent source for nineteenth- and twentieth-century age, sex, birth, death, and life-expectancy tables for many European and American countries is available at http://www.mortality.org. Along with INED, these two institutions also maintain a life table for world populations at The World Bank offers statistics on Brazil and other Latin American at under and and some dealing with Brazil. This section can only be used through a university subscription. is also an that presents statistical series on economic as well as research The an important online guide for and demographic research on Brazil. This listing is complete and contains a large number of important The of Population of University presents an on demographic themes under its The University of Population Center, maintains a very listing of working papers. It also has a useful links The Development has a list of studies available on Brazil, related to Latin American social produced by the Development of the can be found at the IBGE home the section on presents numerous economic census materials, such as the national for as well as regional the agricultural and general information about the principal economic for example, contains data on agricultural national by industrial and general of along with information on employment and Another important is the Pesquisa de a household with detailed information on and very detailed family budget The Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica an research center within the of is one of the most important research centers dealing with the economy and of Brazil. It also contains some excellent historical data. researchers often generate their own data series, or the institution has direct access to agencies which Its Web site is well and a very large number of studies in and English as under para as well as its de under The working from The also maintains its primary data materials in a site called This important contains some series, of which 2,500 are available free for public the Internet and series on themes such as of and foreign and national employment, public social indicators, interest and population, and these series, are annual and some in the are and are many of which in the The various series are easy to and are the most complete available from any In the section be found information on the international economy, population, and social The Sociais,” usually by are of great research This is the for of its de da de e de as well as its with series back to In many of the working of deal with the issue of and in Brazilian are also and private research centers which provide important information. Many of these in produce their own surveys and research materials which they make de Estatísticas e Estudos is an especially important organization maintained by the and which for has produced important related to employment and to and labor markets in general. Statistical information is available at The (Fundação provides access to working and statistical series of various economic indicators, including the de The of the University of São the Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas also research studies and has an de for the of São Instituto de Pesquisas do Rio de Janeiro is a research and center in the social through its de it access to various especially of a and social nature. Here also be found a on urban in Brazil, as well as which contains summaries of in the social The Instituto de da Federal do Rio de out important research on the Brazilian economy, and its Web site contains a great number of publications, such as para and de Brazil there are various national maintained for economic These a Web site maintained by and which and working papers. The de Econômica is also maintained by This site also lists produced in the Brazilian as well as a of working in by of in is the most complete international for anyone the Brazilian economy or any of economic contains some working by is maintained by the government and presents detailed descriptions of various in The site contains on international and so The World is a world by and in comparative long-term macroeconomic It the of information by country and Latin American Historical is a of very important data on and from the to the century, by It some Brazilian for American Brazilian the for several major have been into and made available as The to the site is found at The annual from the Brazilian in the century, which major of statistics dealing with all types of economic and social These have been and are online the original Portuguese) at The to their important statistical tables done by can be found at Federal for the of Fazenda e e e e and Educação e National from to e do Rio de Janeiro Historical of the This past the of the IBGE prepared this of all the available statistics from the federal government for the twentieth It is available the Web or for on This of some historical series from all the for the federal government is for The tables are grouped into Educação, e Previdência Social, and e is in They have also and made available the Anuário Estatístico do the do e do de and the do as the create for each of these areas and HTML that all the available tables by and which in into your It is a source and one that be of to all This data can be accessed at the home of the IBGE under the section The have created the and which contains a major of sites on economic, and labor and is by the International of Social and The Economic both of The of the United maintains which provides information on data and working The Associação de São has links to the most important national and international on Brazilian demographic and economic and of individual researchers are available at http://members.tripod.com/~Historia_Demografica/INDEX.HTM, maintained by the Núcleo de Estudos em Demografia Histórica Some of the can be from the Web The same site access to “Rol On-Line: Relação de Trabalhos Publicados na Área de História which contains and of hundreds of on this The Associação Brasileira de Estudos Populacionais (ABEP), http://www.abep.org.br, access to numerous studies on the Brazilian population and links to other national and international institutions which deal with this The Centro de Documentação (CENDOC) do Núcleo de Estudos da (NEPO), http://www.unicamp.br/nepo, provides qualitative information, access to bibliographic periodical and studies produced by the and has links to other centers which this The most useful section is at The Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História do under the of the research center at the Fundação possesses the most important of of major Brazilian public of Brazil’s major now have Web sites, but they offer material But several have online and The most most important which research in Brazil also provide useful Web sites with links and access to publications, and Centro Nacional de Desenvolvimento e is the most important of these The also maintains an gateway called which foreign scholars to access online Brazilian and dozens of research centers in all areas of This site also provides access to and CAPES, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de which is the government’s also has a de with summaries of and produced between and 2001. can be accessed is data The Fundação de Pesquisa do de São provides links to other organizations and information about its own research The with the of the also maintains the very important on at which provides access to Brazilian online This site allows free of in PDF format. it has a good search The University of São library presents two very useful and which access to a new of and in only a are currently the de Dados da and the do which is a between the world and the world of work by the of of Finally, it contains a do which at materials available online for primary and secondary can be from this there are numerous on the Internet for Brazilian and economy in the modern Given the number of Web sites, we this essay as a first for a listing of such sources. Internet sources are it is that this first have to be either by or any other who to this can be sent to the at either or

32 wlt may / august 2015 A biographical sketch would tell us little or nothing about the writer Roberto Bolaño once called “the greatest poet of his generation.” Why mention that he was a visual artist who, alongside Francisco Casas, founded the collective Las Yeguas del Apocalipsis (The Mares of the Apocalypse), whose performances were legendary . Quicklime burials,1 folkloric dances on glass, naked horseback rides across university campuses: these are the blurred footprints left behind as he galloped through a decade of weeping and disappearances . Why say that he was a rabid leftist to the bone, who dressed in drag more than once so that members of the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front would have a Mary Magdalene to come to their aid in the streets of Santiago de Chile amid the burning smoke of tear-gas bombs. Why reveal that he strolled through cities around the world in high heels proclaiming that “to be poor and queer is worse than anything else.” Why say that he adopted his Q&A The Punished Body An Interview with Pedro Lemebel by John Better Pedro Lemebel is a phenomenon in today’s Latin American literature. I use the term phenomenon in its double meaning: he is an original and noteworthy prose writer and, for his readers, a freak, someone who attracts attention because of his appearance and who rejects normativity. – Carlos Monsiváis worldliteraturetoday.org 33 mother’s surname, Lemebel, out of pride and a sense of solidarity with women, that he was an opening act in a Manu Chao concert, that he strutted insolently through the halls of the Sheraton, whisky in hand, while an embittered Miguel Bosé waited impatiently, amid lights, to meet the myth called Lemebel. Why boast that he won this or that prize, or note that any reporter who interviews him runs the risk of losing a story because the writer is probably in a bad mood and may walk out in the middle of the interview. Reading Pedro Lemebel (1952–2015) is like getting too close to a fire, which in the end won’t burn you because the writer has already put his hands in the flames for us. The proof of his martyrdom lies in his books, La esquina es mi corazón (The corner is my heart), Los incontables (The uncounted), Loco afán: cróncias de sidario (Crazy desire: Chronicles of the Aidsman), De perlas y cicatrices (On pearls and scars), and Adiós mariquita linda (Eng. My Tender Matador), among others.2 His last book, Háblame de amores (Talk to me about love), is a collection of chronicles about those who were fortunate enough to pass through his body and his soul, an amusing book in which he pays a small tribute to Barranquilla in a text entitled “Barranquilla Moon, You Made Me Bleed,” where he relates a night of revelry during which he competed with Fernando Vallejo for the affection of an ephebe.3 After rejecting dozens of invitations to literary gatherings and interview requests from international media, the most acerbic chronicler of Latin America sat down for this interview, one of the last he gave, to talk about his early years, Vallejo, Chile today, and, of course, his loves. John Better: Why does Lemebel hate interviews ? Do you have something against journalists, prima?4 Pedro Lemebel: I hate that cruel question, which is always answered on the downcast face of the queer being interrogated. I detest the obviousness of interviews because there’s a hint of superiority in the person asking the question; the journalist judge, the journalist inquisitor—there is something horrible about having to testify in the trial of your life, where you’re under suspicion of being who you are and guilty of daring to reaffirm it. JB: The early years of your life were very hard. Do you think about them often? PL: Minority biography is tricky, it always puts you in that gaunt and Christian place. There wasn’t that much drama, a few scratches, that’s all; when I was a tyke I did okay. Literature puts a dramatic veil on biography; in the end, it’s a matter of marketing and homotheatricality. I...

Abstract： This paper examines the history of economic thought studies in Britain in the age of neoclas-sical and historical economics from 1870 to 1914 (and thereafter). The historicism and his-torical methods of this age appeared to be behind not only the making of economic history but also the formation of history of economic thought studies. Economic history, after taking off in the last quarter of the 19th century largely because of the foundation of the English his-torical school, formation of the Economic History Society presided by W. J. Ashley, and issue of the Economic History Review in 1927, is institutionally separated from the Royal Econom-ic Society. What was the history of economic thought? In the decline and fall of English classical political economy, a new cohort of econo-mists such as Cliffe Leslie, Ingram, Bagehot, and Jevons asserted themselves. They opposed the methods of the classical school, particularly Ricardoʼs economic reasoning, and their un-orthodox literary review sought the free examination of new opinions and theories. Bagehotʼs Postulates was “a landmark in the history of economics,” Jevons was “the first of the distin-guished tribe of economic bibliomaniacs,” and Foxwell first caught the affliction and then made economic library with the “most splendid” work ever to be collected. The rise of a new cohort of economists and the activities and works of Jevons and Foxwell were the founda-tions of the history of economic thought. Jevons “discovered” Cantillonʼs Essai and Higgs conducted studies of Cantillon and Physiocrats, while Jevons wrote a history of mathematical economics and utility theory. Foxwellʼs collection of economic literature provided a thor-oughly historical edition of the Wealth of Nations. This was completed by Cannan, preceded and helped by Bonarʼs Catalogue of the Library of Adam Smith as well as John Raeʼs Life of Adam Smith. Bonar also wrote two books on Malthus. Toynbeeʼs Industrial Revolution, economic history integrated with the history of eco-nomic thought, generated a “reformist” group of economic and social historians. Ingramʼs History of Political Economy was a systematic study from a Comteian perspective; he was a leader among a group of men who successfully introduced humanitarianism into political economy or economics. Marshall was among them, and economic history and the history of economic thought were someway integrated into his economics. However, with the profes-sionalization and institutionalization of economics and economic history, the boundaries be-tween the disciplines of economics and economic history began to be marginalized and the history of economic thought became peripheral to both. JEL classification numbers: B13, B15.

The Oxford Handbook of Historical Political Economy brings together scholars who are working on essential and field-shaping topics in this burgeoning area. Historical Political Economy (HPE) is the study of how political and economic actors and institutions have interacted over time. It differs from much of economic history in that it focuses on the causes and consequences of politics. It departs from much of conventional political economy in that its context is strictly historical, even if/when it has implications for contemporary political economy. It also departs from much of history in its use of social-scientific theory and methods. Thus, while HPE involves elements of the traditional fields of economics, political economy, and history, it is separate from—and integrative of—them. The Handbook includes contributions from leading scholars in political science, economics, sociology, and history. The first section summarizes the state of the field and provides an overview of the data and techniques that HPE scholars typically use. Subsequent chapters survey major HPE research areas in political economy, political science, and economics, as well as the long-run economic, political, and social consequences of HPE. Various chapters in the Handbook will be of interest to economists, political scientists, sociologists, historians, legal scholars, and public policy scholars who study political-economy issues and topics from a historical perspective. There are currently not many forums for scholars in these fields to interact and share ideas. The Oxford Handbook of Historical Political Economy ameliorates this issue, cutting across disciplinary lines and reducing the barriers to interdisciplinary discussions.

This paper reconstructs the lectureship in political economy awarded by the University of Turin in 1909 to Robert Michels who, some years after, became world-wide famous due to his La sociologia del partito politico nella democrazia moderna. The decision to award this lectureship was made by Achille Loria, who had a rather generous conception of the scope of political economy, against the advice of Luigi Einaudi who, notwhistanding his personal friendship with Michels, disliked the Michelsian mix between political economy and sociology. During his Torinese period, Michels published critical studies on cooperation as an alternative principle for economic organization and economic theory; the history of marxism; the history of political economy in Italy; and Italian colonialism. Last but not least, in his Sociologia there are also some hints on the economics of political phenomenon. Keywords: Robert Michels, Achille Loria, Cooperation, History of Marxism in Italy, Italian Imperialism

Literary archives differ from most other types of archival papers in that their locations are more diverse and difficult to predict. The essays collected in this book derive from the recent work of the Diasporic Literary Archives Network, whose focus on diaspora provides a philosophical framework which gives a highly original set of points of reference for the study of literary archives, including concepts such as the natural home, the appropriate location, exile, dissidence, fugitive existence, cultural hegemony, patrimony, heritage, and economic migration.

The contribution of manufacturing to the economic development of Queensland has been much more significant than has generally been acknowledged in the state's historiography. Manufacturing has been fundamentally important to the growth of the Queensland economy by allowing the conversion of many primary industry commodities into products valued in overseas and interstate markets and providing an industrial capacity to support infrastructure development and many of the everyday goods consumed by the people of Queensland. Manufacturing has also provided avenues of employment and commercial activity in the urban centres across Queensland and, in particular, in the south-eastern region. Queensland's secondary industries managed to expand and diversify despite many economic difficulties and the apathy of successive Queensland governments from the nineteenth century and well into the first half of the twentieth century. This thesis examines the central features of economic development in Queensland and the relationship between industrial development, particularly the manufacturing industries, and the political economy from the earliest years of European settlement to the early decades of the twentieth century. This study provides a general assessment of economic development in the nineteenth century and a comprehensive empirically based economic history of all industry sectors in Queensland, with an emphasis on the manufacturing sector, for the period 1900 to 1930. Using the fullest body of statistical and qualitative sources possible, this thesis analyses the various economic, social, political, ideological, geographical, and sociological factors that have influenced the form and character of economic and industrial development and manufacturing in Queensland. The manufacturing sector has been much maligned and marginalised in Queensland; the populist anti-urban, anti-industrial and anti-centralist attitudes of successive Queensland governments have been powerful deterrents to urban and industrial progress. In Queensland the agrarian dream held steadfast and governments continually implemented rural development schemes intended to populate the interior through the promotion of closer settlement. With the political process infused by a significant rural bias very little assistance was directed towards the state's manufacturing sector which managed, nevertheless, to expand to be, in terms of its value of production, Queensland's most valuable industry sector by the mid-1920s. This thesis by addressing the paucity of economic history specific to Queensland; its comprehensive quantitative empirical foundation; its focus on the development of Queensland's secondary industries; and for its use of an extensive body of archival sources to present a comprehensive analysis of the economic development of Queensland, makes a significant contribution towards broadening an understanding of Queensland's economic and political history. From another perspective, the significance of this research lies with the implications associated with an examination of the lack of social identification in Queensland with industrialism and ideals that were generally unsympathetic towards an industrial society. A consideration of this anti-industrial hegemony is crucial to any analysis of the social, political, economic, and cultural development of Queensland.

This article examines Michel Foucault’s contributions to the study of power in the history of political economy. It employs Foucault’s readings on economic thought to investigate two moments in the history of political economy: classical political economy and Keynesian economics, in which economic reasoning and practice affected the creation and dissemination of power relations in the social realm. By reconsidering the ontological dynamics that encompass the modern role of the state, economic policies and civil society, the article explores how power displays a changing face in light of different discursive and non-discursive elements throughout the history of political economy, in which “economic knowledge” and “scientific discourses” are reconceived as political apparatuses. The article concludes how a closer look into Foucault’s historical ontology allows for a reassessment of the field of action of political economy, showing its consequences in the political field, in the interpretation of historical facts and in the analysis of power/truth. More specifically, how moments in the history of political economy can be reconsidered not simply as systems of economic ideas, but as political apparatuses that create power.

The last quarter of a century has been one of great changes for the field of early modern economic history. My argument is that, in this period, early modern economic history has shown a remarkably innovative spirit. However, this is most apparent not at the core of the discipline, but in how economic history has interacted with other branches of early modern history, be they social, cultural, environmental, or material. This argument is supported by the analysis of quantitative evidence. I then move on to consider two important developments in early modern economic history since the late 1990s: global economic history and the history of consumption and trade. This article concludes with a reflection on recent developments in the so-called New History of Capitalism (NHC) and on studies of pre-modern inequality, sustainability, and the environment.

Review: <i>The Metropolis in Latin America, 1830–1930: Cityscapes, Photographs, Debates</i>, edited by Idurre Alonso and Maristella Casciato

Journal Article The Economic Development of China and Japan: Studies in Economic History and Political Economy Get access The Economic Development of China and Japan: Studies in Economic History and Political Economy. Ed. by C. D. Cowan. London: Allen & Unwin. 1964. 255 pp. Diagram. Map. Charts. Tables. Index. (Studies on Modern Asia and Africa, No. 4.) 35s. Tibor Mende Tibor Mende Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 41, Issue 1, January 1965, Page 168, https://doi.org/10.2307/2612020 Published: 01 January 1965

Journal Article The Economic Development of South-East Asia: Studies in Economic History and Political Economy, Southeast Asia: Problems of United States Policy, Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia: Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines and South-East Asia: A Social, Economic and Political Geography Get access The Economic Development of South-East Asia: Studies in Economic History and Political Economy. Ed. by C. D. Cowan. London: Allen & Unwin. 1964. 192 pp. Maps. Charts. Tables. Bibliog. Index. (School of Oriental & African Studies, University of London. Studies on Modern Asia and Africa, No. 3.) 32s.Southeast Asia: Problems of United States Policy. Ed. by William Henderson. Foreword by August Maffry. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press. 1964. 273 pp. Map endpapers. Tables. Index. $6.75.Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia: Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines. By Fred R. von der Mehden. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 1963. 253 pp. Illus. Map. Tables. Bibliog. Index. $5.South-East Asia: A Social, Economic and Political Geography. By Charles A. Fisher. London: Methuen; New York: Button. 1964. 831 pp. Maps. Map endpapers. Tables. Bibliog. Index. 84s. D. G. E. Hall D. G. E. Hall Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 40, Issue 4, October 1964, Pages 754–756, https://doi.org/10.2307/2611797 Published: 01 October 1964