Abstract
International and internationalized criminal courts and tribunals (ICTs) are mechanisms of accountability with jurisdiction over serious international crimes such as genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. While first generation ICTs required a nexus between crimes against humanity and the existence of an armed conflict, second generation ICTs dispensed with this requirement. ICTs have contributed significantly to developing substantive and procedural international criminal law, to fighting impunity, promoting reconciliation, and establishing historical narratives of conflicts. However, they have also faced significant challenges concerning their legitimacy, politicization, selectivity, bureaucratic structures, and high costs.
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