Abstract
An efficiency-oriented innovation analysis will enhance the understanding of the operational quality related to the transformation process of limited innovation investments for improving innovation outputs. The purpose of this study was to measure the static-dynamic efficiency of agricultural science, technology, and innovation (ASTI) and identify the efficiency determinants across the Group of Twenty (G20) countries. First, the static comprehensive efficiency of ASTI was measured employing the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)-BCC model, and some of the binding constraints to higher efficiency were investigated. Then, we applied the DEA-Malmquist index model to calculate the efficiency change of ASTI in certain periods and decomposed the sources of efficiency change. Finally, the G20 countries were classified into four-level clusters based on the rankings of efficiency measurement and capability evaluation of ASTI to locate the type of ASTI level and identify the type change in both the efficiency and capability. The empirical results indicate the following. (1) The efficiency range of the G20 developing countries was relatively larger than the G20 developed countries. The G20 developed countries showed a fluctuating downward trend, while the G20 developing countries showed an upward trend from the perspective of efficient proportion. The R&D expenditure redundancy and the agricultural journal papers deficiency were the main binding constraints to the higher efficiency of ASTI. (2) The total factor productivity change (TFPC) of ASTI showed an alternating trend of “decline–growth–continuous decline–growth recovery”, where the G20 developed countries experienced “growth–decline–growth” and the G20 developing countries underwent a fluctuating upward trend. The TFPC of ASTI in most G20 countries was primarily due to technological change. (3) The G20 developed countries usually had advantages in capacity, while the G20 developing countries performed better in efficiency.
Highlights
The challenge of sustainable agriculture development in light of population growth, resource shortage, ecological deterioration, and climate change has led many governments to support agricultural science, technology, and innovation (ASTI)
The results indicate that the ASTI levels of G20 countries were in status on status the whole during the periodthe
We estimated the static-dynamic efficiency of ASTI and identified the efficiency determinants across the G20 countries
Summary
The challenge of sustainable agriculture development in light of population growth, resource shortage, ecological deterioration, and climate change has led many governments to support agricultural science, technology, and innovation (ASTI). The investment of the United States government in agricultural research projects reached 3.03 billion dollars in 2018, 130 million dollars more than in 2017 [1]. 10 billion euros in ASTI activities such as agriculture and forestry ecosystem restoration for the “Rural Development Project (2014–2020)” [2]. The UK adopted the “UK agricultural science and technology strategy” in 2013. In 2014, Germany’s agricultural research funds reached 10% of the budget of the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture [3]. China issued the “Agricultural Science and Technology Development Plan (2006–2020)” [4] and “the National Agricultural Science, Technology and Innovation Capacity Building Plan (2012–2016)” [5]
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