Abstract
A study of the internal shear strength of adhesive-bonded, stitch-bonded, and needle-punched geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) is presented. Tests were performed using a large direct shear machine capable of measuring peak and residual (or near residual) shear strengths. For each product, failure occurred at the woven geotextile/bentonite interface and excess pore pressures remained zero on the failure plane during shear. The peak shear strength of the needle-punched GCL increased significantly with increasing normal stress because of the frictional connection of the reinforcing fibers. The peak shear strengths of the adhesive-bonded and stitch-bonded GCLs showed smaller corresponding increases. The residual shear-strength failure envelope was essentially independent of product type. A two-stage procedure for specimen hydration is described, which reduced the required in-machine hydration time to reach equilibrium conditions. For the reinforced products, small decreases in peak and residual shear strengths ...
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