Abstract
BackgroundMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to home to injured and inflamed regions via the bloodstream to assist in tissue regeneration in response to signals of cellular damage. However, the factors and mechanisms that affect their transendothelial migration are still unclear. In this study, the mechanisms involved in interleukin-1β (IL-1β) enhancing the transendothelial migration of MSCs were investigated.MethodsImmunofluorescence staining and Western blotting were used to observe IL-1β-induced CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) expression on MSCs. Quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA were used to demonstrate IL-1β upregulated both chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9) mRNA and CXCL9 ligand secretion in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Monolayer co-cultivation, agarose drop chemotaxis, and transwell assay were conducted to investigate the chemotaxis invasion and transendothelial migration ability of IL-1β-induced MSCs in response to CXCL9.ResultsIn this study, our immunofluorescence staining showed that IL-1β induces CXCR3 expression on MSCs. This result was confirmed by Western blotting. Following pretreatment with protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, we found that IL-1β induced CXCR3 on the surface of MSCs via protein synthesis pathway. Quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA validated that IL-1β upregulated both CXCL9 mRNA and CXCL9 ligand secretion in HUVECs. In response to CXCL9, chemotaxis invasion and transendothelial migration ability were increased in IL-1β-stimulated MSCs. In addition, we pretreated MSCs with CXCR3 antagonist AMG-487 and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 to confirm CXCR3-CXCL9 interaction and the role of CXCR3 in IL-1β-induced chemotaxis invasion and transendothelial migration.ConclusionWe found that IL-1β induces the expression of CXCR3 through p38 MAPK signaling and that IL-1β also enhances CXCL9 ligand secretion in HUVECs. These results indicated that IL-1β promotes the transendothelial migration of MSCs through CXCR3-CXCL9 axis. The implication of the finding could enhance the efficacy of MSCs homing to target sites.
Highlights
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to home to injured and inflamed regions via the bloodstream to assist in tissue regeneration in response to signals of cellular damage
We found that IL-1β induces chemokine receptor CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) expression on the surface of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) through p38 MAPK pathway and confirmed that activated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) can release chemokine Chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) ligand that acts as a MSC chemoattractant
We found that CXCR3 was IL-1β upregulates CXCL9 expression in HUVECs To identify the relevance of CXCL9 expression by IL-1β in HUVEC, SYBR Green quantitative real-time PCR was performed
Summary
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to home to injured and inflamed regions via the bloodstream to assist in tissue regeneration in response to signals of cellular damage. It is well known that leukocytes can attach and penetrate through ECs, but the interaction between MSCs and ECs and the factors or chemoattractants that affect their transendothelial migration are not well understood. MSC homing and migration have been demonstrated, only a small proportion of systemically administered MSCs reaches and remains in the target tissue. To overcome these problems, chemokines and their receptors are recognized as important mediators of stem cell homing
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