Interlayer bonding testing fixture for 3D-printed TJC-1 lunar regolith simulant geopolymer

Bending deformable tension-shear model for nacre-like composites

It is known that test methods to evaluate solder joint reliability are die shock test, die shear test, 3points bending test, and thermal shock test. The present study investigated the effects of failure mode on 3 types (as-reflowed, /85%RH treatment, and /10hr aging) of solder joints for flip-chip BGA package by using various test methods. The test methods and configurations are reported in detail, i.e. die shock, die shear, 3points bending, and thermal shock test. We focus on the failure mode of solder joints under various tests. The test results indicate that die shock and die shear test method can reveal brittle fracture in flip-chip ball grid array (FCBGA) packages with higher sensitivity.

One of the most important purposes of a validation method is to verify whether a test method is suitable for the purpose of the test. In this study, validation parameters that are used by national and international institutes for test and inspection bodies are classified. As a result of classifying these general factors, method validation parameters were performed, including the following cases: ①the confirmation of a new test method, ② comparison between a non-standardized test method and standardized method, ③confirmation of a test method needing such extensions as a test method verification, verification of the test method applied between other test institutes or analysts, ④ verification of the required similarity between test methods, and ⑤ revalidation of the previously verified test methods. The general parameters applied in the validation processes were classified as follows; specificity, selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, detection limit uncertainty, quantitative limit, and range. By a comparison of the validation guidelines or guideline parameters applied by the test and inspection bodies, the survey results were considered to be useful in preparing validation guidelines for environmental testing and inspection methods. Key Words: Validation Parameters, Test method verification, Method validation, Method verification, Validation Process

In the last three decades, different test methods have been used to assess the level of protection provided by various textile materials against liquid pesticide penetration. Of these, the ISO 6350/EN368 gutter test is currently used to screen garment materials for certification of type 6 personal protective equipment (PPE) in Europe. The atomizer test method developed in Germany is used to evaluate the performance of PPE marketed there. In addition, a pipette method is being proposed as an American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) test method in the United States. This study compares the three test methods and determines the suitability of these methods for screening protective clothing materials against liquid pesticides. Six fabrics selected to represent the woven and nonwoven fabrics used while handling and spraying pesticides are contaminated with dilute pesticide formulations following the three test methods. Repellency, pesticide retention, and penetration characteristics of the test materials are measured. The results indicate that the evaluation of fabric performance is affected by the test method.

Evaluation of the Dairy Herd Improvement Association Record System

Influence of relative layer height and testing method on the failure mode and origin in a bilayered dental ceramic composite

Interpreting the COVID-19 Test Results: A Guide for Physiatrists.

The US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for Residential Wood Heaters (RWH) require certification emission testing of prototype appliances. In 2015, EPA revised those standards to further reduce particulate matter emissions from this critical source. However, to achieve that goal, lower emissions measured in certification tests must reflect lower emissions when the appliance is operated in homes. Woodstove certification tests have used either the Federal Reference Method (FRM), a crib wood method, or a cordwood testing method developed by ASTM International that was designated as a broadly applicable Alternative Test Method (ATM) by the EPA until December 2021, when that status was revoked. There is broad agreement that the FRM and ASTM procedures do not simulate typical fueling and operating of wood stoves in the field, raising questions about the efficacy of the current program. Effective emission reduction efforts require robust, accurate, and reproducible test methods. With input from a range of stakeholders, the Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management (NESCAUM) developed the Integrated Duty Cycle Test Method for Certification of Wood-Fired Stoves Using Cordwood (IDC), a cordwood testing protocol designed to improve the efficacy of residential wood heater certification testing. That method was approved by EPA as a broadly applicable ATM in 2021. IDC test runs assess appliance performance under a range of operating and fueling conditions representative of typical consumer use patterns. Unlike previous test methods, the IDC protocol requires three replicate runs to assess appliance performance variability. Including variable fueling and operating conditions, along with the requirement for replicates runs, will increase the effectiveness of certification testing and promote the development of improved wood stove technology. This paper reports on experiments conducted to develop and test the IDC method. Implications: Residential wood heating is one of the largest sources of primary particulate matter pollution nationwide. EPA’s New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) establish emission limits for this source category and require certification testing of prototype wood appliances to demonstrate compliance with those limits. However, the operating and fueling requirements in NSPS compliance testing protocols do not represent typical conditions in the field. We developed a new testing approach, the Integrated-Duty Cycle (IDC) Test Method, to address the shortcomings of current certification test approaches. The IDC procedure for cordwood stoves, which was approved by EPA as a broadly applicable alternative test method in 2021, assesses appliance operations over various operating and fueling conditions representing typical consumer use patterns in an integrated run and requires three replicate runs to enable the assessment of variability in stove performance. Stoves certified with this method will be equipped to meet the NSPS limits consistently in field operation.

Nondestructive Testing (NDT) methods provide scientists a way to understand the properties of samples without causing them damage. For an electrochemical device, it is crucial to investigate the behavior of it before, during, and after its operation. Therefore, NDT methods are indispensable for studying such devices.Literature highlights the effectiveness of elastic-wave-based testing methods in the evaluation of electrochemical devices. The Acoustic Emission (AE) method was applied to respectively study the behavior of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) and Ni-MH batteries, while the Ultrasonic Testing (UT) method was applied to study Li-ion batteries. In our previous research, the signals representing cracking and delamination in SOFCs were successfully distinguished by their peak amplitude, wave shape, and AE energy [1]. The same technique was further used for the evaluation of mechanical damages in SOFCs during the operation [2]. In another study, similarly, the pulverization of the Ni-MH battery electrodes was observed by the AE technique, and frequency peak property was included in the discussion to classify the signals [3]. The UT method was employed to study the relationship between the state of charge of Li-ion batteries and the profiles of ultrasonic waves at different frequencies. The evolution of wave velocity, attenuation, and amplitude were discussed [4]. Based on these researches, elastic-wave-based testing methods are adopted by us.In our present study, the multi-frequencies in-situ ultrasonic monitoring technique was employed to analyze the behavior of the commercial Ni-MH batteries during the operation. Continuous ultrasonic waves at three different frequencies were separately sent into the specimens during charge cycles, and their waveforms were recorded and compared. Specific wave patterns were found near the end of the charge and discharge state, especially from the wave profiles at 750 KHz. The result showed that the evolution of waveform is frequency-dependent, which was also suggested in the literature [4]. Potential explanations for these wave patterns were inferred, including phenomena such as crystal structure evolution, internal pressure shift, and reverse of electrodes.Based on this finding, a new ultrasonic testing/monitoring method considering frequency analysis is also designed. In this new method, signals consisting of elastic waves at a wide range of frequencies with equal intensities are designed to be applied to various electrochemical devices. The application of this method will be included, while the frequency-dependent property of the testing of electrochemical devices will be assessed in combination with the present findings in this study.

An increasing number of tunnels have been constructed worldwide for a diverse range of infrastructure projects, including highways, subways, railways, and various utilities. As a result, tunnel engineers are increasingly aware of the importance of safe and economic tunnel construction. Peck (1969) addresses the following three issues in terms of tunnel construction: maintaining stability and safety during construction, minimizing unfavorable impacts on third parties, and performing the intended function over the life of a project. Among these issues, the first is directly related to the behavior and stability of the tunnel support system. In rock tunneling, the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) is a widely used tunneling method in which the shotcrete liner acts as the main support. Shotcrete is sprayed on the tunnel excavation surface very shortly after being excavated and supports the ground load in conjunction with the rock bolt and the steel rib. Barrett and McCreath (1995) explained the failure modes for the shotcrete liner (Fig. 1). It has been shown that the behavior of the shotcrete liner is highly dependent on the adhesion strength at the shotcrete–rock contact. For example, if this strength is sufficient enough, then the mode of failure may be a direct shear failure. Otherwise, the shotcrete liner may fail under a flexural condition. In addition to the behavior of structural characteristics, sufficient adhesion strength can merge the surrounding ground and the shotcrete liner into a single body, increasing tunnel stability. Therefore, the adhesion strength at the shotcrete– rock contact can influence the failure mode for the shotcrete liner, which, in turn, can impact the overall tunnel stability. This indicates a need for a better understanding of this adhesion strength. An adhesion strength test method (Swedish Standard 1987) from Sweden drills two circular slots with a doublediamond drill. Here, the inner circular slot is drilled through the substrate and shotcrete, and the test equipment is attached to the shotcrete drill core for the pullout test. The test method can be used only for relatively stiff shotcrete. Brennan (2005) explains a shotcrete bond test method from the International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI). This method uses a core bit to drill the applied shotcrete and substrate, and then attaches a rigid steel disk to the top of the core by using epoxy. Then, the test equipment applies some tensile load to the disk until it fails. This test method is similar to the direct test of tensile bond strength by the American Concrete Institute (ACI 2004) or the American Society for Testing and Manuals (ASTM 2004). A thin spray-on liner (TSL) has been developed and used in the mining industry since the 1990s. Ozturk and Tannant (2010) compare various adhesion test methods based on TSL and suggest a pulloff test of an elevator bolt (33 mm in diameter) attached to the liner with strong epoxy. This test uses a thin-walled diamond core bit to isolate the test area by overcoring. Ozturk (2012) provides a method for calculating the liner–substrate adhesion M. Son (&) Department of Civil Engineering, Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-714, South Korea e-mail: mson@daegu.ac.kr

Introduction. The wearing course of a road pavement is in complicated operational conditions in combination with adverse weather and climatic factors that are characteristic of the country for most of the year. These factors make high demands on the wearing course, in particular arranged by the method of a surface dressing. European practice of solving these issues is based on the provisions of a set of standards that can serve to solve the problems of effective functioning of a surface dressing on roads in Ukraine. Problem statement. The introduction of the requirements of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU [1] into the road sector on a new favorable regime for economic relations, improvement of trade and investment are key factors in economic modernization and sustainable development of the country. European realities indicate that one of the prerequisites for the effective functioning of the road network is, first of all, implementation of modern standards. Actually, in our country there is an urgent need for their updating, in particular for the modern practice of solving the issues for the arrangement of surface dressing of the pavement, especially its design and quality control of work. Therefore, for implementation of the requirements of this Agreement, “DerzhdorNDI” SE has prepared a comprehensive set of national standards in this area with an identical degree of compliance with European requirements. Purpose. The purpose of the work is to promote the implementation of national standards with an identical degree of compliance with European requirements for the efficient operation of layers, arranged by the method of surface dressing on the roads in Ukraine. In this regard, at the present stage, only those requirements are considered, which are set out in the DSTU EN 12271: 2021 (EN 12271: 2006, IDT) «Surface dressing. Specifications» which is being prepared for publication by the National Standardization Body of Ukraine. The related standards, which are applied as a whole, will be updated and presented after their entry into force in the following parts of the article for the acquaintance of the road community. These standards are: –– DSTU EN 12272-1:2021 (EN 12272-1:2002, IDT) Surface dressing - Test methods - Part 1: Rate of spread and accuracy of spread of binder and chippings [2]; –– DSTU EN 12272-2:2020 (EN 12272-2:2003, IDT) Surface dressing - Test methods - Part 2: Visual assessment of defects [3]; –– DSTU EN 12272-3:2020 (EN 12272-3:2003, IDT) Surface dressing. – Test method - Part 3: Determination of binder aggregate bonding by Vialit plate shock test method [4]. Materials and methods Analysis of the national standard DSTU EN 12271: 2021_ (EN 12271: 2006, IDT) Surface dressing - Requirements with identical degree of conformity EN 12271: 2006 (version en) Surface dressing - Requirements[5]. Results The requirements of the national standard for the effective functioning of the surface dressing of roads in Ukraine are considered, further use of which provides an opportunity to improve the performance of works for its arrangement. Conclusion.The implementation of the requirements of the standard will contribute to the establishment of scientifically sound standards for surface dressing. The priority approaches proposed in it regarding requirements, design process and quality control can be approved as modern, requiring application in the road industry. In particular, it is appropriate to introduce requirements for the mandatory arrangement of the test site to confirm surface dressing performance (Type Approval Installation Trial (TAIT)), or measures taking into account the specifics of Factory Production Control (FPC). The use of the requirements of the standard will be facilitated by the development of country regulations or practical recommendations based on regional local conditions, and their implementation in order to create the most relevant areas of effective forms of improving the quality of surface dressing.

Through thickness properties are increasingly important for the detailed analysis of complex composite structures. Recent papers and research have proposed a variety of test method solutions for the determination of through thickness properties. A comprehensive experimental evaluation has led to the drafting of standards for through thickness tension, compression, and shear test methods. A detailed comparison of the mechanical test methods, data, and failure modes is presented. An assessment is made of their utility, applicability, and limitations, highlighting sensible test precautions. In selected cases, comparisons with elastic constant data obtained using ultrasonic techniques are provided.Despite a number of difficulties, tension and compression specimens are relatively easy to design, provided the test material is of sufficient thickness (e.g. 20 mm). Shear test methods are not so easily defined, such that none is applicable to all materials or all directions, and failure modes may be neither initiated nor dominated by shear.

With the fast development trend of highly integrated electronic products, as the key technology of 3-D interconnect circuits, the research on monolithic intertier via (MIV) testing technology is particularly critical. Due to the high integration density, the MIV itself is very prone to manufacturing faults, moreover, the uncertainty of fault location, the complexity of fault type, that will have a greater impact on the signal transmission performance of the MIV. Therefore, in order to effectively isolate the faults and reduce the loss of assembly yield, a new nondestructive MIV fault testing method is proposed. The method adopts random forest (RF) classification model optimized based on grid search (GS) optimization algorithm. This test method can effectively solve the problem that traditional MIV test methods are difficult to accurately test for MIV faults. As well as the study of multifault in response to the fact that the existing methods are less studied for the presence of multifault in MIV. The simulation results show that the GS-RF-based MIV fault testing method can avoid damage to the MIV under testing during the MIV fault testing process, and the accuracy of single-fault testing reaches 96.11%, and the accuracy of multifault testing reaches 91.38%.

These test methods cover determination of the total normal emittance of surfaces by means of portable, inspection-meter instruments. At least two different types of instruments are commercially available for performing this measurement. Test Method A uses an instrument which measures radiant energy reflected from the specimen and Test Method B utilizes an instrument which measures radiant energy emitted from the specimen. Both test methods are limited in accuracy by the degree to which the emittance properties of calibrating standards are known and by the angular emittance characteristics of the surfaces being measure. Test Method A is normally subject to a small error caused by the difference in wavelength distributions between the radiant energy emitted by the two cavities at different temperatures, and that emitted by a blackbody at the specimen temperature. Test Method B also has nongray errors since the detector is not at absolute zero temperature. Test Method A is subject to small errors that may be introduced if the orientation of the sensing component is changed between calibration and specimen measurements. This type of error results from minor changes in alignment of the optical system. Test Method A is subject to error when curved specular surfaces of less than about a certain radius are measured. These errors can be minimized by using calibrating standards that have the same radius of curvature as the test surface. Test Method A can measure reflectance on specimens that are either opaque or semi-transparent in the wavelength region of interest. However, if emittance is to be derived from the reflectance data on a semi-transparent specimen, a correction must be made for transmittance losses. Test Method B is subject to several possible significant errors. These may be due to variation of the test surface temperature during measurements, differences in temperature between the calibrating standards and the test surfaces, changes in orientation of the sensing component between calibration and measurement, errors due to irradiation of the specimen with thermal radiation by the sensing component, and errors due to specimen curvature. Test Method B is limited to emittance measurements on specimens that are opaque to infrared radiation in the wavelength region of interest.

In view of the lack of unified small overlap crash test evaluation methods both at home and abroad, in this paper, the differences between the three-typical small overlap test methods (vehicle-to-vehicle test method, IIHS test method, and NHTSA test method) were compared and analyzed. Then, actual vehicle crash tests were carried out based on a vehicle model adopts the above three methods, and in-depth analysis were conducted on the vehicle kinematics, collision strength (vehicle body acceleration, and Vehicle Pulse Index), occupant injuries, and vehicle body deformation in the crash tests. The results show that, firstly, NHTSA test method is similar to the vehicle-to-vehicle test method of vehicle kinematics, while the IIHS test method is the most violent in itself. In terms of collision strength and occupant injuries, the NHTSA test method is similar to the vehicle-to-vehicle test method, and the IIHS test method is the smallest. In the aspect of vehicle body deformation, the three methods results are at the same level, and the vehicle-to-vehicle test method is relatively large in deformation, and IIHS and NTHSA test methods are basically the same. In combination with the vehicle body acceleration, kinematics, deformation, and occupant injury factors, the NTHSA test method is more similar to the vehicle-to-vehicle test than the IIHS test method.