Intergenerational Transmission of Historical Events

The article is devoted to the description of the composition of the means of expression, traditionally considered purely verbal, but used in social advertising in visual and verbal-visual form. The aim of the work is to establish the degree of prevalence of verbal and visual forms of traditional types of figures in modern social advertising and to describe their role in the implementation of the author’s idea. The relevance of the research is due to the increased interest in the study of polycode texts and the formation of the visual stylistics of the text. The material was 4000 posters of environmental topics collected from various media banks on the Internet by a continuous sampling method. The authors conclude that contamination and gradation are used only in visual form in environmental advertising. Contamination consists in combining parts of different images into a single image, which, however, does not receive a common name. Gradation is based on contrarian relations, with its help the transformation of some objects or states into others is shown in dynamics. Verbal-visual techniques include antithesis, parallelism, amphibolism. Antitheses are often based on contextual antonyms, concretized by the presence of an image, and in some cases such antitheses are qualified as quasi-logical. Parallelism can be represented by both verbal and purely visual forms in the form of placing two pictures similar in content on one poster. With the help of amphiboly, a paradoxical meaning is given to the slogan, since the visual and verbal series come into conflict. Finally, only in verbal form are ellipsis and anaphora used. The ellipsis makes the poster text as concise, energetic and convenient as possible for quick reading. Anaphora allows you to emphasize the element of the slogan that carries the main semantic load. The other types of stylistic figures (inversion, frame, chiasmus, etc.) are quite rare in environmental social advertising and generally do not affect the nature of its image system.

Recently, the researchers' interest has been focused on the interaction between old age and smart technologies. Aim of this study is to investigate the critical factors that might determine and improve a successful ageing. In order to verify the modifications of information on elaboration competence in ageing, through the use of touch technology, we tested 125 subjects, divided in five age groups Young, Junior, Adult, Senior and Elderly groups. A computerised experimental test was used in verbal and visual forms. The results showed that on visual form the Young group was faster than Junior group, whereas on verbal form the Young group was slower than the Adult group. These results highlight that the success in using smart technologies in ageing may be influenced by cognitive and emotional factors.

70 WLT MAY–AUGUST 2017 Vital Kinships A Conversation with Eric Gansworth & Arigon Starr by Susan Bernardin A central yet surprisingly undernoted facet of Native arts production is its interrelationality. Whether innovating across genres or moving across expressive forms, many Native artists refuse to settle. In doing so, they make visible vital kinships between visual and verbal forms, between image and text. Arigon Starr, a comics artist and musician, and Eric Gansworth , a painter and writer, exemplify the dynamic multiplicity at the heart of contemporary Native aesthetics. This interview, begun with Arigon at the Indigenous Comic Con in Albuquerque and concluded via lively email exchanges, was fittingly interactive . Following Eric’s suggestions, I asked each of them different questions. They then shared their responses, prompting more exchanges. Our ensuing asynchronous conversations are represented in abridged form here. Although they have not yet met, Arigon and Eric found ample interconnections, both in their work and in their affinities for nerd culture and 1970s rock stars. Comic Origin Stories Susan Bernardin: Whether we define the comics medium in Scott McCloud’s words as “juxtaposed pictorial images and other images in deliberate sequence” or as a form of visual storytelling, it has proved a generative source for both of you. What role did reading and writing comics play in your development as an artist? What were its stylistic , narrative, or structural elements that appealed to you? In what ways have your tribal nations’ forms of visual storytelling influenced or enhanced your aesthetic? Eric Gansworth: I came to comics through TV, latching onto Batman before the age of two. As soon as I could read, I leaped onto comics, and in fourth grade I made a comic, which went on display at the school (wish I still had it, but I remember it well). So, it’s always been a part of my thinking lexicon. Haudenosaunee culture is very image-driven —wampum figures carrying our culture, representational beadwork—but I didn’t really begin exploring its possibilities as a refractory lens until the beginning of my professional career. I was always aware of those images. From day one, giant electrical towers looked like monstrous wampum men towering over our landscape. Arigon Starr: There have always been comic books in my life, from Sunday funnies to Archie to superheroes. I started drawing my own comics in junior high, often featuring my favorite musicians of the time (yes, I made George Harrison into a superhero called “Hippie Man”). My tribal influences came from seeing artwork from Oklahoma artists like Acee Blue Eagle and Solomon McCombs (both from the Muscogee Creek Nation), who used a flat color rendering style with thick, traced outlines. Those paintings looked like Indian Comics to me! Additionally , my Kickapoo uncle Rudolph Wahpecome was an artist and architect, so I knew that an Indian might be able to make a living as an artist. Afterlives and Novel Forms Bernardin: Although contemporary Native artists and writers often work in multiple media, you two are unusually ambidextrous: Arigon, you are a musician, playwright, and comics artist. Moreover, your Super Indian, like any good superhero, has many lives, moving from a radio series to serial web comic to published volumes. Eric, you are a painter, poet, and novelist whose books feature interrelated visual and narrative designs. The vital, complex kinship between literary and visual forms is a signature feature of your work. cover feature new native writing WORLDLIT.ORG 71 How do you each perceive the relationship between the moving parts or platforms of your work? What does each offer? What kinds of work do you see each performing? How do you see these different platforms or forms engaging different audiences? Gansworth: Comics prepared me for flexing both sides of my voice. While I compose differently, visual and verbal forms are all the same story to me, filtered through different facets. Maybe it’s close to performance artists like Laurie Anderson and Karen Finley and progressive bands like Rush and Pink Floyd. Long before music videos, both bands explored the synthesis of simultaneously presented images and songs. I also (being a weird kid) loved early German expressionist silent films. By the age of nine, I‘d...

Drawing on the findings of a qualitative study of 48 families with young children (aged 1.5–10 years), which investigated the influence of employment on children’s diets, this article focuses on the place of childhood memories and intergenerational relations in the transmission of family food practices. The article highlights the temporal nature of family food practices. First, it examines the intergenerational transmission of food practices in relation to present time as mothers and grandmothers negotiate what and how children eat in their everyday lives. Second, it analyses the ways in which memories of childhood influence mothers’ food practices in their current families, showing how present-day family food practices are embedded in the relations between parents, grandparents and children and in the experiences of food and eating from the past. The article thereby demonstrates the importance of the interplay between food, memories of childhood experiences and intergenerational familial relations.

This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of instructions and feedback with external focus applied with reduced frequency, self-controlled timing and/or in visual or auditory form, on the performance of functional gross motor tasks in children aged 2 to 18 with typical or atypical development. Four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase) were systematically searched (last updated May 31st 2021). Inclusion criteria were: 1. children aged 2 to 18 years old; 2. Instructions/feedback with external focus applied with reduced frequency, self-controlled timing, and/or visual or auditory form as intervention, to learn functional gross motor tasks; 3. Instructions/feedback with external focus applied with continuous frequency, instructor-controlled timing, and/or verbal form as control; 4. performance measure as outcome; 5. (randomized) controlled studies. Article selection and risk of bias assessment (with the Cochrane risk of bias tools) was conducted by two reviewers independently. Due to heterogeneity in study characteristics and incompleteness of the reported data, a best-evidence synthesis was performed. Thirteen studies of low methodological quality were included, investigating effectiveness of reduced frequencies (n = 8), self-controlled timing (n = 5) and visual form (n = 1) on motor performance of inexperienced typically (n = 348) and atypically (n = 195) developing children, for acquisition, retention and/or transfer. For accuracy, conflicting or no evidence was found for most comparisons, at most time points. However, there was moderate evidence that self-controlled feedback was most effective for retention, and limited evidence that visual analogy was most effective for retention and transfer. To improve quality of movement, there was limited evidence that continuous frequency was most effective for retention and transfer. More methodologically sound studies are needed to draw conclusions about the preferred frequency, timing or form. However, we cautiously advise considering self-controlled feedback, visual instructions, and continuous frequency. Registration: Prospero CRD42021225723. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021225723.

AimThis systematic review investigates the effectiveness of instructions and feedback with external focus applied with reduced frequency, self-controlled timing and/or in visual or auditory form, on the performance of functional gross motor tasks in children aged 2 to 18 with typical or atypical development.MethodsFour databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase) were systematically searched (last updated May 31st 2021). Inclusion criteria were: 1. children aged 2 to 18 years old; 2. Instructions/feedback with external focus applied with reduced frequency, self-controlled timing, and/or visual or auditory form as intervention, to learn functional gross motor tasks; 3. Instructions/feedback with external focus applied with continuous frequency, instructor-controlled timing, and/or verbal form as control; 4. performance measure as outcome; 5. (randomized) controlled studies. Article selection and risk of bias assessment (with the Cochrane risk of bias tools) was conducted by two reviewers independently. Due to heterogeneity in study characteristics and incompleteness of the reported data, a best-evidence synthesis was performed.ResultsThirteen studies of low methodological quality were included, investigating effectiveness of reduced frequencies (n = 8), self-controlled timing (n = 5) and visual form (n = 1) on motor performance of inexperienced typically (n = 348) and atypically (n = 195) developing children, for acquisition, retention and/or transfer. For accuracy, conflicting or no evidence was found for most comparisons, at most time points. However, there was moderate evidence that self-controlled feedback was most effective for retention, and limited evidence that visual analogy was most effective for retention and transfer. To improve quality of movement, there was limited evidence that continuous frequency was most effective for retention and transfer.ConclusionMore methodologically sound studies are needed to draw conclusions about the preferred frequency, timing or form. However, we cautiously advise considering self-controlled feedback, visual instructions, and continuous frequency.Trial registrationRegistration: Prospero CRD42021225723. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021225723.

The term "intergenerational relationships" is widely used in gerontological literature and age-related policies. However, discussions of the term often tell us surprisingly little about what it means or why it matters. We suggest that this is due to a reductivism and instrumentalism in 2 main discourses within which intergenerational relationships are usually discussed. First, intergenerational relationships are often conceptualized through a binary "conflict/solidarity" lens, reinforcing an entrenched "generationalism". Second, they are predominantly constructed as a problem to be addressed within debates on how to tackle intergenerational segregation. Neither of these discourses provides much room for a more nuanced understanding of how intergenerational relationships are experienced or why they are meaningful. In this paper, we discuss how fictional narratives can introduce imagination and a richer vocabulary into discourses concerning how people of different ages relate to each other. We present findings from reading groups where adults discussed novels depicting themes of older age, intergenerational relationships, and time. In discussing the fictional narratives and characters, participants reflected on the significance and meaning of intergenerational relationships in ways that went beyond dichotomous and instrumentalist discourses. Drawing on the concept of lived ambivalence, we argue that fictional representations of intergenerational themes can elicit more meaningful reflections on the complexities and contradictions of relationships across age groups. We conclude that a more nuanced understanding of intergenerational interaction can inform gerontological discourses and policy, but also that gerontological awareness of social challenges concerning age relations can inform interpretations of fictional narratives.

National Institutes of Health State-of-the-Science Conference Statement: Family History and Improving Health

A hereditary thrombophilia is found in 20-30% of patients with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). These patients might have an increased rate of a positive personal or family history of venous thrombotic events. We investigated the diagnostic value of a structured personal and family history for venous thrombotic events in 56 consecutive cases of CVT. Fourteen of 56 patients (25%) had a hereditary thrombophilia, mostly factor V Leiden. Patients with both CVT and hereditary thrombophilia had more frequently a positive family and personal history than patients affected by CVT only but the difference was not strong enough to differ from the 42 CVT patients without thrombophilia (43% vs. 31%; P = 0.52 and 14% vs. 10 %; P = 0.63). We conclude that a negative personal and family history of venous thrombotic events is not sufficient to exclude thrombophilia and patients with CVT should be tested for inherited thrombophilia regardless of the patient's past personal and family history for venous thrombotic events.

Intergenerational co-parenting in the postpartum period: A concept analysis

Whatever else it might entail, thinking about Spenser, Milton, and death is a literary historical exercise: Literary because these thoughts will deal with verbal forms — genres, tropes, schemes. Historical because changes in literary forms disclose traces of history embedded in the context of the work, and because literary innovation — the disposition of old and new facts into new configurations, both figural and narrative — is itself a historical event. The Faerie Queene and Paradise Lost are implicitly joined by commonality of sources and models — most notably The Aeneid, the Gerusulemme Liberata and Tasso’s accompanying discussion of allegory — and by their bardic ambitions. They are explicitly joined by Milton’s explicit refusal ‘to dissect / With long and tedious havoc fabled knights / In battles feigned […]’ (9, 29–31).1 One literary historical event that transpires between them is a troping of narrative form from allegory in Spenser to what might be called a narrative of historical causation in Milton, and a consequent shift from exemplary to dialectical presentations of character — that is, from characters whose history grows out of what they are, to characters whose history accounts for what they have become.2 In even broader terms, I think this shift in narration signals or incorporates a shift from mimetic verisimilitude to expressive authenticity as the governing criterion of poetic truth.

BackgroundIntergenerational relationships are beneficial for both grandparents and grandchildren. A positive grandparent-grandchild relationship can improve the psychological well-being of older adults and be a source of social support, family history, and identity development. Maintaining meaningful interactions can be, however, a challenging endeavor, especially as life events lead to relocating geographically. Grandparents and grandchildren can have different preferences in terms of communication mediums and different assumptions about the real conversational needs of the other.ObjectiveIn this study, we will investigate the feasibility and effect of sharing memories of older adults with their grandchildren in social media. This intervention focuses on bringing snippets of the lives of the grandparents into the grandchildren’s social media feed and analyzing the potential effect on relational quality, relational investment, and conversational resources from the perspective of the grandchildren.MethodsA randomized controlled trial will be used to measure the effectiveness of sharing family memories through social media on intergenerational relationships from the perspective of the grandchildren. The study will be implemented in Mongolia among 60 grandparent-grandchild pairs who will be assigned to either a control or intervention group. Pictures and stories will be collected during reminiscence sessions between the researchers and the grandparents before the intervention. During an intervention period of 2 months, grandchildren in the intervention group will receive pictures and stories of their grandparents on their social media account. Pre- and postintervention questionnaires will measure relationship quality, relationship investment, and conversational resources and will be used to assess the effectiveness of the intervention.ResultsWe conducted a pretest pilot from January to April 2018 among 6 pairs of participants (6 grandparents and 6 grandchildren). The validation of the protocol was focused on the process, instruments, and technological setup. We continued the study after the validation, and 59 pairs of participants (59 grandparents and 59 grandchildren) have been recruited. The data collection was completed in November 2019.ConclusionsThe results of this study will contribute to strategies to stimulate social interactions in intergenerational pairs. A validation of the study process is also presented to provide further operational recommendations. The lessons learned during the validation of the protocol are discussed with recommendations and implications for the recruitment, reminiscence sessions, technological setup, and administration of instruments.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/16315

Objectives: This study aims to highlight the political significance of the Bukhara Khadat by translating their biographies, detailing their rule duration, their involvement in historical events, and their relationship with Arab rule after the conquest of Bukhara in the year 90 AH. It also examines their interactions with Arab Muslim rulers and their political and economic standing. Methods: The study employs a descriptive analytical approach that analyzes historical narratives and links them to significant historical events. The family's history is meticulously examined, primarily relying on Al-Narshakhi's "The History of Bukhara," completed in 358 AH (968 AD). This information is used to analyze the family's history in the context of recent historical events. Results: The study reveals that the Bukhara Khadat lineage held authority in Bukhara until 301 AH (913 AD). They played a vital role in the city's development, contributing to its urban and economic growth. They even minted coins bearing their images. Following the Arab conquest, the Bukhara Khadat collaborated with the conquerors, fostering amicable relations. They actively participated in the city's political and economic administration, assimilating into the Arab-Islamic culture. Conclusions: The study covers the biographies and rule periods of the nine rulers who governed Bukhara. It also explores the historical events they experienced and participated in alongside the Abbasid caliphate. Their political role ended with the accession of Samanid Prince Ismail and the integration of Bukhara into the Samanid emirate in 301 AH (913 CE).

Remembering the Herero-Nama Genocide in Namibia

Based on a review of recent research literature, major value-practice conflicts toward elderly care in China are explored, some commonalities and differentiations of real practices with traditional values are presented, the emerging new values in intergenerational relationships are discussed, and the theoretical underpinnings of interdependency are examined. Some sociologists had predicted a continuing decrease in family interdependence and caregiving. In the current globalization of economic development and concurrent trends in demography, family formation and life course, families interact and support each other over extremely long periods of time. Intergenerational relationships reflect both values and practice. There have been remarkable differences between values of people in different societies and yet some similarities of practice. Examples from the People’s Republic of China are given to illustrate the dynamics of expectation, interaction and assessment of interdependence. Implications for future programs based on global trends tend to be similar although societies are quite different.