Interference-Free Duplex Detection of Total and Active Enzyme Concentrations at a Single Working Electrode.

Abstract

The duplex detection of both total and active enzyme concentrations without interferences at a single working electrode is challenging, especially when two different assays are combined. It is also challenging to obtain two different redox-cycling reactions without interference. Here, we present a simple but sensitive combined assay that is based on two redox-cycling reactions using two incubation periods and applied potentials at a single electrode. The assay combines an immunoassay for the determination of the total enzyme (total prostate-specific antigen, tPSA) concentration with a protease assay for the determination of the active enzyme (free PSA, fPSA) concentration. The immunoassay label and fPSA that are affinity-bound to the electrode are used for high sensitivity and specificity in the protease assay as well as the immunoassay. In the immunoassay, electrochemical-enzymatic (EN) redox cycling involving ferrocenemethanol is obtained at 0.1 V versus Ag/AgCl without incubation before the proteolytically released 4-amino-1-naphthol is generated. In the protease assay, EN redox cycling involving 4-amino-1-naphthol is obtained at 0.0 V after 30 min of incubation without ferrocenemethanol electro-oxidation. The detection procedure is almost the same as common electrochemical sandwich-type immunoassays, although the two different assays are combined. The duplex detection in buffer and serum is highly interference-free, specific, and sensitive. The detection limits for tPSA and fPSA are approximately 10 and 1 pg/mL, respectively.