Interactive effects of benzo(a)pyrene and cadmium and effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on antioxidant and peroxisomal enzymes and peroxisomal volume density in the digestive gland of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk

Abstract

Exposure of marine animals to certain organic and metal pollutants is thought to enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with concomitant alterations of antioxidant defence mechanisms. Some of these organic pollutants cause peroxisome proliferation, a process resulting also in possible enhanced production of ROS. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two organic xenobiotics, benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), as well as the effects of cadmium (Cd), on antioxidant and peroxisomal enzymes and on peroxisomal volume density in the digestive gland of mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk., experimentally exposed for 21 days. Special attention was paid to the interactive effects of organic and metal compounds by exposing one group of mussels to a mixture of B(a)P and Cd. Exposure of mussels to Cd caused a decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, in Mn-SOD protein levels and in volume density of peroxisomes. B(a)P exposure significantly increased catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and inhibited Mn-SOD after 21 days of exposure. B(a)P also caused a slight increase in acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX) activity and peroxisomal volume density after 21 days of exposure. Cd tended to inhibit changes provoked by B(a)P, indicating that responses to organic xenobiotics can be modulated by concomitant exposure to metal contaminants. Exposure to DEHP increased catalase and AOX and inhibited SOD activity and Mn-SOD protein levels. In conclusion, peroxisome proliferation, measured as an increase of the peroxisomal enzymes catalase and AOX (up to 1.53-fold for AOX), is a specific response to organic contaminants such as B(a)P and DEHP, whereas Cd does not cause peroxisome proliferation. Thus, peroxisome proliferation may be a specific biomarker of organic pollutants in mussels. Both organic and metal pollutants inhibited SOD activity and protein levels (up to 0.21-fold for Mn-SOD protein levels), the latter offering potential as general marker of pollution.