Abstract
The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known RNA pathogen capable of propagation in the human host and causes substantial global morbidity and mortality. Due to its small size and limited protein coding capacity, HDV is exquisitely reliant upon host cellular proteins to facilitate its transcription and replication. Remarkably, HDV does not encode an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase which is traditionally required to catalyze RNA-templated RNA synthesis. Furthermore, HDV lacks enzymes responsible for post-transcriptional and -translational modification, processes which are integral to the HDV life cycle. This review summarizes the known HDV-interacting proteins and discusses their significance in HDV biology.
Highlights
The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known mammalian pathogen and is responsible for exacerbation of hepatitis disease progression upon co-infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Host proteins that interact with components of HDV can be divided into two categories – those that interact with HDAg (Table 1) and those that interact with HDV RNA (Table 2)
HDAgs interact directly with numerous nuclear factors that are associated with transcription such as nucleolin [37], nucleophosmin [38], Yin Yang 1 (YY1) [30], and delta interacting protein A (DIPA) [41]; though studies have not demonstrated the effect of these interactions on gene expression, the possibility exists that HDAg might exert its role in genetic regulation through interaction with such proteins
Summary
The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known mammalian pathogen and is responsible for exacerbation of hepatitis disease progression upon co-infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). The. HDV genome is comprised of a small, G/C-rich, single-stranded, circular RNA molecule of ~ 1,700 nt Viruses 2010, 2 and adopts a highly base-paired, rod-like secondary structure (for general reviews of HDV biology and replication, see [1,2,3,4,5], Figure 1). HDV genome is comprised of a small, G/C-rich, single-stranded, circular RNA molecule of ~ 1,700 nt Viruses 2010, 2 and adopts a highly base-paired, rod-like secondary structure (for general reviews of HDV biology and replication, see [1,2,3,4,5], Figure 1) It replicates in the nucleus by a symmetrical, rolling circle mechanism [6,7] in which a multimeric genomic species is synthesized, cleaved to unit length monomers by endogenous delta ribozymes, and ligated by host proteins [8]. Sumoylation of multiple lysine residues of HDAg-S has been reported
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