Abstract
The interaction between schistosomiasis and Salmonella is a particularly important issue in Africa, where dual infection by the parasite and the bacterium are likely common. In this review, the ways in which schistosomiasis affects human biology as it relates to Salmonella are described. Those who are infected by both organisms experience reduced immunological functioning, exhibit irreversible organ damage due to prolonged schistosomiasis infection, and become latent carriers of Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi and Paratyphi and S. Typhimurium. The sequestration of the bacteria in the parasite leads to ineffective antibiotic treatment because the bacteria cannot be completely killed, and lingering infection may then lead to antimicrobial resistance. These manifestations are likely not just for those dually infected but also for those first infected with schistosomes and, later, Salmonella. More data are needed to better understand dual infection, particularly as it may impact treatment and prevention of schistosomiasis and Salmonella in sub-Saharan Africa.
Highlights
Substantial progress has been made in reducing the incidence of communicable diseases globally
In 2013, more than 40 million people were treated for schistosomiasis, though at least 261 million people required preventive treatment, >90% of whom live in Africa [15]
While access to treatment is important, control of schistosomiasis requires a multipronged strategy that involves interrupting the chain of transmission by ensuring that water is free of parasites and basic sanitation is adhered to, especially as drug resistance to praziquantel becomes more of an issue [30, 31]
Summary
Substantial progress has been made in reducing the incidence of communicable diseases globally. In Africa, where the burden of communicable diseases is high, the mortality rate of children under five years of age has dropped from 173 to 95 per 1,000 live births from 1990 to 2012 [1]. This reduction in deaths among children under five are a result of a combination of efforts, including increased access to clean water, sanitation, and improved hygiene, as well as increased rates of immunizations for vaccine-preventable diseases. Typhimurium (iNTS) and schistosomiasis, as well as the burden of each in the context of sub-Saharan Africa
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