Inter-State Political and Economic Relations and Transactions

İktisadi ilişkiler para ile ölçülebilen ilişkilerdir. Siyasi ilişkiler egemenliğin kazanılması, kullanılması, korunmasından oluşur. İki ülke ilişkilerini incelerken iktisadi ilişkileri siyasi ilişkilerden yalıtıp, ayrıştırıp aralarındaki etkileşimi göz ardı etmek yanılgılara yol açar. Araştırma Türkiye-Rusya ilişkilerinin Yeltsin dönemini (1992-2000) kapsamaktadır. Ekonomik ilişkiler siyasi ilişkilerden ayrılarak analiz edilirse, Yeltsin döneminin Türkiye-RF ilişkilerinin anlaşılamadığı iddia edilmekte, iki ilişki türü arasında etkileşim olduğu varsayılmaktadır.Yeltsin döneminin ilişkilerini anlamak için, iki tür ilişki arasındaki etkileşim göz ardı edilmemelidir.Siyasi ve iktisadi ilişki türlerinin y ve x eksenindeki konumu 1992-2000 yılları için işaretlenmiştir. Herhangi iki ülke arası ilişkilerde siyasi ilişkiler y ekseninde pozitif (+) yöne seyrederken, iktisadi ilişkilerin ise x ekseninde (+) yöne ilerlemesi beklenir. Türkiye-Rusya siyasi ilişkileri y ekseninde negatif (-) yöne döndüğü tarihlerde, iktisadi ilişkiler etkilenmekle beraber siyasi ilişkilerin negatif (-) yönde ilerlemesinin hızını dizginlediği bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak herhangi iki ülke arasında x ekseninde pozitif (+) yönde ilerleyen iktisadi ilişkiler, siyasi ilişkilerin y ekseninde negatif (-) yönde ivmelenmesini sınırlar. Herhangi iki ülke arasında hacmi ve çeşidi arttırılan iktisadi ilişkiler barışa katkı sağlar. Bu nedenle iki ülke arasında barışa erişme ve barışın sürdürülmesi için iktisadi ilişkilerin hacim ve türlerinin çoğaltılması politikası devreye sokulabilir.

The Soviet Union's attempts to develop new global relationships are not limited to arms control, Soviet-U.S., or Soviet-European relations. As an integral part of its global strategy, the USSR is working to expand its political and economic relationships in Asia and the Pacific. The question of the Soviet economic role in the Pacific needs to be seen against the backdrop of Soviet domestic policy. For the Soviet Union, economic and political issues are inextricably linked, with domestic economic pressures currently driving Gorbachev's twin policies of perestroika and glasnost. In particular, the widespread shortage of even the most basic consumer goods and the continued deterioration of the Soviet economy and standard of living now threaten the foundations of the Soviet state itself. Soviet economic problems are compounded by the comparative strength of the European, American, and Pacific economies, which are steadily widening the gap in relative economic capabilities. The USSR's urgent need for capital and technology from the West to support economic restructuring explains much of the Soviet interest in rebuilding its foreign economic relationships. Arguably, however, Gorbachev's vision goes further, embracing a new structure of international economic and political relationships beyond the ideological divisions of the Cold War. Gorbachev's policies of political and economic reform within the USSR therefore provide the critical foundation for present efforts to revitalize its commercial and economic relationships overseas. The foreign business community looks at economic relations with the Soviet Union pragmatically. The basic questions are (1) is there business

The Sino – Swiss Free Trade Agreement was signed on 6 July 2013 and came into effect in 2014. With the agreement, economic and political relations are developed between two states. We know that bilateral economic relations are increasing complex interdependence among nation states, so political disputes can be solved easily because commerce and economic relations are seen more important than having political disputes. In this article, the Sino – Swiss Free Trade Agreement will be analyzed from the perspective of idealist Norman Angell. According to him, nation states and politicians saw that economic relations can solve political disputes and they don’t want to have conflicts and disputes in which wars would arise; instead they want to increase their trade volumes. Angell states that war is a suicide for humanity. Natural inclination of human beings towards cooperation and peace should be highlighted. Also Angell declares that economic interdependence would prevent wars. Human beings don’t have natural tendency towards war. Bad environmental causes result in wars and deaths. My argument is that Chinese - Swiss economic and political relations are in an idealist form thanks to their strong commercial relations. Also, I am defending that in the 21st century, this system will continue between these two states unless a big change occurs in international politics and thoughts of idealism in international relations theory are more reasonable than arguments of realist theory.

Do political tensions harm economic relations? Theories claim that trade prevents war and political relations motivate trade, but less is known about whether smaller shifts in political relations impact economic exchange. Looking at two major economies, we show that negative events have not hurt U.S. or Japanese trade or investment flows. We then examine specific incidents of tensions in U.S.-French and Sino-Japanese relations over the past decade—two case pairs that allow us to compare varying levels of political tension given high existing economic interdependence and different alliance relations. Aggregate economic flows and high salience sectors like wine and autos are unaffected by the deterioration of political relations. In an era of globalization, actors lack incentives to link political and economic relations. We argue that sunk costs in existing trade and investment make governments, firms, and consumers unlikely to change their behavior in response to political disputes. D o political tensions have economic consequences? The relationship between economic interdependence and conflict has been a central debate in international relations. Leading scholars contend that “states with good relations should have more trade than states with poor relations” and import decisions of firms will respond to “the climate of friendliness orhostilitythatexistsbetweentheimporterandexporter” (Morrow, Siverson, and Tabares 1998, 650; Pollins 1989b, 739). Analysis of trade and conflict in a simultaneous equations model concludes that “political relations are driving commerce, not the other way around” (Keshk, Pollins, and Reuveny 2004, 1175). We reexamine these arguments in the current globalization era to show that sunk costs reduce incentives for state and private actors to link political and economic relations. 1

This essay discusses two questions: (i) what has been the dominant influence on international relations, economics, or politics, and (ii) what economic or political relations are most conducive to war and peace? The first pits those who claim that it is the political relations of states which shape their economic relations against those who claim that it is the economic relations of states which shape their political relations. This leaves open the question of what kind of economic or political relations are most conducive to peace and war. Economists have mainly seen economics as pacifying otherwise belligerent political structures, but this was not true of Marxist-Leninists, for whom ‘capitalism means war’. Political scientists have generally advocated supranational structures to tame the ‘international anarchy’, but this is not true of those peace theorists for whom the international structure can be self-policing if its constituent parts are democratic. This essay explores the different historical phases of these debates, spanning from the eighteenth century till today. It concludes that politics has always been dominant in setting the economic agenda and that democracies are drifting towards an economic system similar to that of the despotisms they condemn.

Purpose: The paper aims to analyze the political and economic relations between China and Taiwan from 1996 and 2016. Methodology/Approach: Multi-method methodology is applied to understand 20 years of complex interdependency relation between China and Taiwan. A logistic regression model is used to stablish the interactions among the variables and then a historical perspective provides an in-depth discussion regarding the political entities’ relationship. The findings: China as the principal Taiwanese trade partner provokes a dilemma to Taiwan, because these condition pressure to Taiwanese government adopt international insertion that don’t compromise the Chinese preferences. Also, China hostile diplomacy, situation in strategic triangle among China, Taiwan and United States, and electoral period correspond the other variables that influences Taiwanese political behavior. Research Limitation/implication: The analyses don’t cover the Tsai Ing-wen government but indicates the possibilities to the current administration. Originality/Value of paper: Although the paper has a historical limitation, the originality is the use of multi-method approach. This paper contributes in methodological and theorical assessment about economic and political relations between China and Taiwan.

The purpose of this research is to explains the background to the political and economic relations between Indonesia and the Soviet Union, relations between Indonesia and the Soviet Union and describe the economic relations between Indonesia and the Soviet Union in 1959-1965. Describe the impact and political relations between Indonesia and the Soviet Union during the guided democracy period of 1959-1965. This research method uses detailed historical research and data collection stages, namely by collecting data through documentation studies and literature studies, carrying out data validity by testing or carrying out internal and external criticism of data sources, interpreting data, namely providing comments or conclusions on each quote, and writing. report (historiography) using Indonesian.The results of the research show that (1) The background to the establishment of relations between Indonesia and the Soviet Union was a form of concern and also for the sake of gaining allies, the Soviet Union had the initiative to support the sovereignty of the Indonesian State by discussing it at the UN forum (2) Political relations were established through cooperation in the field of military. (3) Economic cooperation relations in the form of loans and trade, (4) Political-economic impacts and relations are the forerunners of the Non-Aligned movement. economic development of the country, and increasing trade activities.

In this chapter, we examine the nature of economic relations between the Russian Federation and European Union. We describe the main contours of these relations and argue that while important asymmetries continue to characterise them, they are less pronounced now than two decades ago. Alongside the rising importance of China and other non-Western powers in Russia's external economic relations, this means that while the EU remains the single most important economic partner to Russia, its relative importance is declining. This is particularly reflected in energy trade between the two. Rising demand for Russian energy from China and other Asian economies has reduced the relative significance of EU demand. The prospects for closer economic relations between Russia and the EU were further damaged by the imposition of economic sanctions by both parties as a result of the conflict in Ukraine, which accelerated the reorientation of Russia's economic and political relations towards Asia.

Intersections of Political and Economic Relations: A Network Study

The issue of information society commands worldwide attention: diverse constituencies work at closing the gaps in access to and in use of digital technology. Why are such efforts directed specifically at the issue of the information society? In this article I argue that the redirection of world society's attention towards this issue is related to the correspondence between the dimensions of globalization and those of the field of information and communications technologies. Specifically, I highlight five such shared dimensions: economic transactions, political relations, globality, networks, and world norms. In this way, the theme of information society was quickly defined as a global social problem because it corresponds to the themes of the era of globalization. I also argue that while various realist theories of globalization focus solely on the dimensions of economic and political transactions, world society theory expands on these by highlighting the cultural and institutional dimensions of globalization.

This paper presents an analysis of trends in the development of international trade in the context of digitalization. The growing process of digitalization can lead to qualitative changes in all sectors of domestic economy and foreign trade. At the present stage important aspects of growth, development and digitalization of economies of the countries participating in international trade and economic relations are primarily electronic trade, export and import operations and management at the national and the interstate level. The subject of this study is economic relations arising in the process of implementing operations on the international exchange of goods and services in the context of digitalization of the world economy. The purpose of the study is to identify the main trends and tendencies in the development of international trade in the digital transformation of economic and political relations. The study uses the economic and statistical method that reveals the main trends in the development of digitalization and international trade, and the system-structural method that analyzes the structural changes in the impact of digitalization on international trade. As a result, the authors have developed tools to promote digitalization in international trade and international economic relations. The development of international trade in modern conditions is most dependent on digital technologies that have an impact on e-commerce and business processes in international trade.

The Chinese and U.S. economies have been locked in an uncomfortable embrace since the late 1970s. Although the relationship initially arose out of mutual benefits, in recent years it has taken on the trappings of an unstable codependence, with the two largest economies in the world losing their sense of self, increasing the risk of their turning on one another in a destructive fashion. In Unbalanced: The Codependency of America and China Stephen Roach, senior fellow at Yale University and former chairman of Morgan Stanley Asia, lays bare the pitfalls of the current China-U.S. economic relationship. He highlights the conflicts at the center of current tensions, including disputes over trade policies and intellectual property rights, sharp contrasts in leadership styles, the role of the Internet, the recent dispute over cyberhacking, and more. A firsthand witness to the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s, Roach likely knows more about the U.S.-China economic relationship than any other Westerner. Here he discusses: * Why America saving too little and China saving too much creates mounting problems for both* How China is planning to re-boot its economic growth model by moving from an external export-led model to one of internal consumerism with a new focus on service industries* How America, shows a disturbing lack of strategy, preferring a short-term reactive approach over a more coherent Chinese-style planning framework* The way out: what America could do to turn its own economic fate around and position itself for a healthy economic and political relationship with China In the wake of the 2008 crisis, both unbalanced economies face urgent and mutually beneficial rebalancings. Unbalanced concludes with a recipe for resolving the escalating tensions of codependence. Roach argues that the Next China offers much for the Next America-and vice versa.

The Chinese and U.S. economies have been locked in an uncomfortable embrace since the late 1970s. Although the relationship initially arose out of mutual benefits, in recent years it has taken on the trappings of an unstable codependence, with the two largest economies in the world losing their sense of self, increasing the risk of their turning on one another in a destructive fashion. In Unbalanced: The Codependency of America and China Stephen Roach, senior fellow at Yale University and former chairman of Morgan Stanley Asia, lays bare the pitfalls of the current China-U.S. economic relationship. He highlights the conflicts at the center of current tensions, including disputes over trade policies and intellectual property rights, sharp contrasts in leadership styles, the role of the Internet, the recent dispute over cyberhacking, and more. A firsthand witness to the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s, Roach likely knows more about the U.S.-China economic relationship than any other Westerner. Here he discusses: Why America saving too little and China saving too much creates mounting problems for both How China is planning to re-boot its economic growth model by moving from an external export-led model to one of internal consumerism with a new focus on service industries How America, shows a disturbing lack of strategy, preferring a short-term reactive approach over a more coherent Chinese-style planning framework The way out: what America could do to turn its own economic fate around and position itself for a healthy economic and political relationship with China In the wake of the 2008 crisis, both unbalanced economies face urgent and mutually beneficial rebalancings. Unbalanced concludes with a recipe for resolving the escalating tensions of codependence. Roach argues that the Next China offers much for the Next America—and vice versa.

During the study of economic terms, it has been confirmed that financial terminology in Azerbaijan and in the east has ancient history. As Azerbaijan is located in the favorable strategic position, on the trade routes, trade relations have been developed rapidly here. The economical lexicon comprises a special, voluminous layer of lexicon. From time to time, this terminology area is subject to modifications, it is renewed, enriched through new lexical units. The article deals with the establishment, formation and development of financial terminology in Azerbaijan. The path passed by the financial terms from the ancient times up to present is analyzed and studied. The origin, development path and current condition of the financial terms used both in daily life and in the literary works and in the media is reviewed. The role of economic and trade relations in this area is interpreted through the historical stages. New expressions and notions emerged in our language as a result of fundamental economic, social and political, cultural reforms, public and social changes that have emerged since our country gained independence have contributed to the enrichment of our vocabulary fund, especially terminology and the economic terminology of our language has grown rapidly in the last twenty years. The impact of Turkology congresses and seminars on the terminology creation process in Azerbaijan was also in the focus of attention. Great attention and care of the head of the state Mr.IlhamAliyev to the development of Azerbaijani language is specially emphasized. The economic terminological layer of our language is developed, enriched and renovated rapidly, the financial terminology is enriched by new financial terms during the present development period of our Republic and expansion of economic – political relations with the most countries of the world. Establishment of Terminology Commission in Azerbaijan is one of the most important steps in thisarea. As if, a breakthrough has happened in the terminology system of Azerbaijan Republic by the establishment of this Commission and rapid development dynamics is observed. Different terminological dictionaries are prepared and published for all fields. It is important to state specially the role of media and textbooks in the development of terminology in Azerbaijan. It is true that there are some improvements in this area, but there are still unrevealed issues that are not yet clear in the textbooks. It shall be considered normal, as the formation of new economic relations in Azerbaijan requires the creation of new financial and banking terms. As mentioned above, it is realized either by the internal capacities of the language or words borrowed from other languages. Especially, the rapid development of the world economy, transition to the market economy, expansion of the banking system network, enhanced economic relations with foreign countries and signed various agreements have increased the interest in this area in the recent years. Access to the world market, along with economic accomplishments, causes to mass word flow to the lexicon and creation of new terminological units in every language. Therefore, currently, the financial terminology is distinguished by its special role in the lexical system of the language. At the same time, the close cooperation of the vast majority of the population with the banking system has contributed to the further expansion of the scope of financial terms.

The article considers evolutionary transformations that express changes in the formats of economic relations. The authors form a scientific judgment on the transformations of business processes towards digital contact. Besides, an understanding of the process is presented not only at the level of economic entities, but also at the level of regional markets and in the structure of the economy development. At the regional level, changes are noted in corporate approaches of doing business, as well as in terms of business tactics and business strategies. At the state level, strategies for taxation, foreign exchange regulation, control and supervision of market participants are changing. In the work, the scientific novelty that consists of compliances is emphasised. These compliances are elements of market “mutations” predetermining and streamlining the formation of digital markets (primarily contacts). The conditions for the development of geospatial markets innovations where a key place is determined by an important compliance (an element of market “mutations”) – economic and political relations – are considered. Particular attention of the authors is payed to the nature of the geoinformation influence process on global and local markets. The process is changing digital communications of subjects. The purpose of the study is to systematise the scientific problems of digital contact economies and to generalise the implementation of world practices while designing approaches. The target of these approaches is development of subjects economic relations according to the assessment of differentiation of geospatial information transformational processes on the geomarkets of the country. The study used methods of analysis and synthesis, system and trend analysis, observation, abstraction and others. The scope of the results is multifaceted and could be used from market infrastructure organisations to state structures.