Inteligencia Aérea en apoyo a la interdicción de aeronaves vinculadas al narcotráfico

From the state security aspect, the state airspace is a very sensitive part, since the state security can be easily compromised from it, both in wartime and peacetime conditions. In order to achieve the functions of security and protection of the airspace integrity and sovereignty, it is important to control it continuously. The airspace control in peace becomes increasingly important because of the world coping with a complex security situation. Regardless of the noticeable trends where 'traditional enemies' have disappeared, the world is today faced with new challenges, risks and threats of the asymmetric nature. The control of airspace in war is one of the main prerequisites for achieving supremacy in the air, which enables the smooth execution of all combat operations in their own land and air forces, while preventing the hostile reconnaissance operations and air force from the airspace.

The use of illegal flights as a means of distribution of illicit substances has become a latent problem in the fight against drug trafficking within the Ecuadorian territory, due to the country's limited radar detection resources, especially in low-altitude flights (less than 500 feet). The so-called `drug planes' take off and land on Ecuadorian territory using improvised airstrips, which are not registered by the competent aeronautical authorities. Within these activities have been possible to identify the transfer of illegal substances, economic values for their acquisition or sale and even transfers of personalities involved in international drug trafficking. The specific geography of the region, especially in the Ecuadorian coast and east, is propitious for the adaptation of clandestine airstrips, which, due to their location, vegetation and limitations of access by land, limit the control and identification by the competent authorities. The present solution proposes to use an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to perform captures of images in real time in order to identify improvised or clandestine airstrips by means of the use of a software of interpretation of digital images.

B y any measure, Robert Newton Anthony (1916–2006) was a giant among 20th century academic accountants. After obtaining a Bachelor’s degree from Colby College, he matriculated to the Harvard Business School (HBS), where he earned his M.B.A. and D.B.A. degrees. Bob spent his entire academic career at HBS, retiring in 1983. He is best known as a prolific writer of articles, textbooks, and research reports. He was inducted as a member of the Accounting Hall of Fame (1986), was a recipient of the American Accounting Association’s (AAA) Outstanding Accounting Educator Award (1989), and then was the second recipient of the AAA Management Accounting Section’s Lifetime Contribution to Management Accounting Award (2003), as well as serving as President of the American Accounting Association (1973–1974). In addition, he was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Management (1970). These honors indicate that he was, indeed, a significant contributor to the development of his chosen field of management accounting for over 50 years, and highly respected by his peers. They do not indicate why. My intention is to answer that question. Bob Anthony was the ideal person to be a leader in the post-World War II movement that changed cost accounting into management accounting. He possessed broad interests and not only was an academic, but also was interested in solving problems found in the real world. He was equally comfortable working as an academic and as a manager. He served as Under Secretary (Comptroller) in the Department of Defense for his old friend and fellow Harvard Business School graduate, Robert S. McNamara, from 1965 to 1968. While at the Department, Anthony earned the Defense Department Award for Public Service for developing a system of cost management and control for the Department (Harvard University Gazette 2006). Though many identify him with the diverse set of textbooks he authored or co-authored, he also undertook what we now would identify as field research, e.g., Anthony (1952). His interest in studying accounting and management in a real-world setting informed his views on what

Organized crime groups which benefit from the opportunities of technology in a globalized world are involved in highly extensive cross border activities. A great many factors, such as economic instability, corruption, unemployment, lack of education, political vacuums and legal gaps, trigger organized crimes. It is both an individual and social problem, and has become a national and international safety threat. The fields of activity of organized crime groups include: drug trafficking; migrant trafficking; historical artifact smuggling; cigarette and alcohol trafficking; trade in human beings; weapons and ammunition smuggling; money laundering and especially in recent years, in parallel with the technological developments, cyber-crimes. Today, organized crimes threaten all countries. When one considers that the billions of dollars which are circulated by these crime groups exceed the annual budget of developing countries it is clear that they not only threaten security, but they can also damage a country’s economic and social development. It is also clear that most countries cannot deal with cross-border organized crimes without cooperation. Combatting organized crime groups can be accomplished only by employing a multi-dimensional strategy and international cooperation. However, the type of combat strategy required differs from country to country due to accompanying problems such as: a country’s insufficient legislative framework, limited capacity and insufficiency of the police force in terms of personnel, budget, and substructure, lack of coordination among the responsible institutions, insufficient numbers of contact persons for international combat purposes, and lack of qualified or educated personnel. In this study the purpose was to identify and comprehend what the major concerns and problems are in dealing with organized crime by considering the perceptions of law enforcement officers and assessing how TADOC (Turkish International Academy against Drugs and Organized Crime) is conceptualizing these threats, and developing programs that meet the needs of the participants.

This chapter explores the consequences of cross-border crime for situational crime prevention. Many types of organised crime involve international smuggling activities – such as drug trafficking, money laundering, smuggling illegal immigrants, and other transnational illegal activities. Based on research in the Netherlands, this chapter explores cross-border crime from three different angles (export, import and transit) with regard to four different areas of organised crime: Ecstasy (production and export), cocaine (import and transit), money laundering (export), and human smuggling (transit). It highlights the opportunities for situational crime prevention, as well as its limitations and the attendant caveats when it comes to dealing with cross-border crime.

Book synopsis: The Handbook on Crime is a comprehensive edited volume that contains analysis and explanation of the nature, extent, patterns and causes of over 40 different forms of crime, in each case drawing attention to key contemporary debates and social and criminal justice responses to them. It also challenges many popular and official conceptions of crime. This book is one of the few criminological texts that takes as its starting point a range of specific types of criminal activity. It addresses not only 'conventional' offences such as shoplifting, burglary, robbery, and vehicle crime, but many other forms of criminal behaviour - often an amalgamation of different legal offences - which attract contemporary media, public and policy concern. These include crimes committed not only by individuals, but by organised criminal groups, corporations and governments. There are chapters on, for example, gang violence, hate crime, elder abuse, animal abuse, cyber crime, identity theft, money-laundering, eco crimes, drug trafficking, human trafficking, genocide, and global terrorism. Many of these topics receive surprisingly little attention in the criminological literature. The Handbook on Crime will be a unique text of lasting value to students, researchers, academics, practitioners, policy makers, journalists and all others involved in understanding and preventing criminal behaviour.

Book summary: the Handbook on Crime is a comprehensive edited volume that contains analysis and explanation of the nature, extent, patterns and causes of over 40 different forms of crime, in each case drawing attention to key contemporary debates and social and criminal justice responses to them. It also challenges many popular and official conceptions of crime. This book is one of the few criminological texts that takes as its starting point a range of specific types of criminal activity. It addresses not only 'conventional' offences such as shoplifting,burglary, robbery, and vehicle crime, but many other forms of criminal behaviour - often an amalgamation of different legal offences - which attract contemporary media, public and policy concern. These include crimes committed not only by individuals, but by organised criminal groups, corporations and governments. There are chapters on, for example, gang violence, hate crime, elder abuse, animal abuse,cyber crime, identity theft, money-laundering, eco crimes, drug trafficking, human trafficking, genocide, and global terrorism. Many of these topics receive surprisingly little attention in the criminological literature. The Handbook on Crime will be a unique text of lasting value to students, researchers,academics, practitioners, policy makers, journalists and all others involved in understanding and preventing criminal behaviour.

Crime in the Caribbean consists of drug and human trafficking, weapons smuggling and terrorism, and is fuelled by this region’s physical location as a gateway to the United States (US). Significant challenges to effective policing are transnational (TN), making the region an ideal testing ground to study transnational police cooperation (TNPC). Current cooperation is seen as reactive and hindered by the Caribbean’s topography, cultures, legal systems, nepotism and territorialism. Using a phenomenological perspective, this qualitative study investigates TNPC in the Caribbean region, focusing on Puerto Rico (PR) and the Dominican Republic (DR), assessing how TNPC works within this region, current structures and operations in the Caribbean. Other researchers such as Malcolm Anderson and Ethan Nadelmann have established the theoretical research base upon which this study is built. However, as empirical research is limited around this particular study, this paper primarily draws upon interviews with law enforcement agents in PR working for the High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) Program, administered by the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy. This study investigates stakeholders’ perspectives and the various methods of TNPC with the aim of improving the efficiency and effectiveness of multi-agencies towards a practical model, as embodied by HIDTA. This research is the first of its kind, offering a new direction for theory and research.

The Handbook on Crime is a comprehensive edited volume that contains analysis and explanation of the nature, extent, patterns and causes of over 40 different forms of crime, in each case drawing attention to key contemporary debates and social and criminal justice responses to them. It also challenges many popular and official conceptions of crime. This book is one of the few criminological texts that takes as its starting point a range of specific types of criminal activity. It addresses not only 'conventional' offences such as shoplifting, burglary, robbery, and vehicle crime, but many other forms of criminal behaviour - often an amalgamation of different legal offences - which attract contemporary media, public and policy concern. These include crimes committed not only by individuals, but by organised criminal groups, corporations and governments. There are chapters on, for example, gang violence, hate crime, elder abuse, animal abuse, cyber crime, identity theft, money-laundering, eco crimes, drug trafficking, human trafficking, genocide, and global terrorism. Many of these topics receive surprisingly little attention in the criminological literature.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the transnational crime in the border of RI – Papua New Guinea. Transnational crime through the barter of drugs and motorcycle become trend and new crime in Jayapura. In the general, the transnational crime often happen with an exchange of money with drugs, but in this case is becoming unique with the exchange motorcycles through the cross of state. This research is using mix method by qualitative and quantitative. The technique of collection data using depth interview to the actors such as the representative state which is known as security forces, the victims, and also doing survey to the location of drugs trafficking by sea and land. The result of this research found that the barter of drugs with motorcycle is becoming increased because of the less controlling of security and also the post –post of the borders is not build and it makes the perpetrators send illegal drugs by narrow streets or alleyways which cannot be detected by security officers and other side Papua know as the place of surround by sea. It caused the perpetrators very easy to do drugs trafficking. Keyword s: Barter, Transnational Crime, Border

Summary This thesis explores the origin of sectarian violence and terrorism, the impact of terrorism risk on the individual’s democratic preferences and the deterrence effect of the law enforcement interventions against terrorism and violence over time and space in Pakistan. It comprises of six chapters which fall under the category of ‘Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law.’ The causes and effects of the illegal behavior (terrorism and violence) have been discussed in the chapters 2 & 3, while, chapters 4 & 5 focus on the enforcement of law against these crimes. Chapter 2 serves two core dimensions: Firstly, to cater for the historical account of the origin of sectarian violence and terrorism and their temporal variation in Pakistan. Secondly, the construction of these crimes has been presented from the religious market perspective. Adam Smith argues in The Wealth of Nations that “... the hazards of government regulation are as real for religion as for any other sector of the economy.” Therefore, chapter 2 advocates historical evidence on the hazards of government interventions in the religious market of Pakistan. It explains that rent-seeking behavior on the part of the three players in the religious market, namely, religious sects, government and cold war allies of Pakistan, leads to regular interventions in the religious market. The interventions produce externalities in the form of intolerance in the religious space which slowly and gradually transforms into sectarian violence and terrorism. The 3rd chapter discusses exposure to the risk of terrorism and its impact on the individual’s preferences for liberal democratic values. It explores the following question: Does exposure to terrorism and violence affect democratic opinions and perceptions? Exploiting the individual level socio-economic, religious and political information collected from the 6,000 respondents, the chapter empirically evaluates and presents evidence that acts of terrorism negatively affect preferences towards democratic institutions. The persistent shocks of terrorism decrease the support for the elected legislators while increasing it for the law enforcement institutions like the armed forces. The deterrence effect of the exogenous intervention by law enforcement institutions on different types of tribal violence is explained in the 4th chapter of the thesis. Approximately, 3% territory in the North-West of Pakistan is ungoverned but constitutionally presented in the lower and upper houses. It has never been exposed to modern law enforcement institutions like the judiciary, police and military. Thus, it experienced pervasive tribal violence, revenge killings and drug trafficking over the years. The incident of the September 11, 2001 and the consequent US invasion of Afghanistan provided an exogenous shock to the military institution to enter the ungoverned space for the first time. The empirical results show that the intervention significantly decreases different types of violent conflicts in the ungoverned terrain. Finally, chapter 5 explores criminologists’ hypotheses on the displacement and diffusion of crime control benefits to test the displacement and diffusion effects of anti-terrorism interventions. The empirical analysis highlights that anti-terror interventions displace terrorist activities from the treated to the non-treated districts, thus, impose a significant public cost on the neighborhood. Displacement of the terrorist activities from one district to another in response to the negative sanctions imposed by the law enforcement agencies might be one of the reasons for the pervasiveness of terrorism in Pakistan. With regard to the policy, this dissertation suggests the following recommendations: First, a more comprehensive understanding of the interactions between violent conflicts and the democratization process is needed. The democratic transition can revert to autocracy, if voters are exposed to persistence terrorism risks. Second, an ungoverned territory may not produce negative externalities in the form of organized crimes including terrorism in the short-term, but, exposes to such crimes in the long-term. Therefore, a responsible state needs to invest in the establishment and capacity building of the law enforcement institutions in such territories to avoid future spillovers. And third, effective law enforcement interventions requires not only to deter violence and terrorism in the given geographic space but also their externalities into the neighborhood.

The constitution of Indonesia Republic number 35, 2009 on narcotic has given drug traffickers from severe punishment including the death penalty. However, the drug traffickers are still existed and feeling no remorse and guilt. Given that “adat” or the local and traditional law might be forms of alternative punishment to prevent drug crime. The research aims to examine the effectiveness of traditional law as an alternative law against drug trafficker in Lhoksukon municipal, North Aceh region, Aceh province, Indonesia. The research concludes that giving adat sanctions or local law to drug traffickers in few cases are very effective as a punishment. Due to humiliation, and they moved away from society. Yet, there are also the other cases which the traffickers got more motivated and continue to commit drug crimes. It signifies that the adat sanction is not always guaranteed for the effectiveness of punishment to drug traffickers. Nevertheless, the effect began to be felt in the community

The 1980s saw the wider availability and growing consumption of illicit drugs. It also saw the emergence of an international consensus against drug trafficking by the international community. The increase in drug trafficking has occurred despite increasing international action through the main international control body, the United Nations, and other international institutions, to prevent it. This work has shown that there are many difficulties involved in attempts by legal structures to control an illegal activity, especially one which is as multi-faceted and multi-dimensional as the drug phenomenon. Suppression of one source of supply, one method of transportation and one pattern of abuse has often simply led to the emergence of other forms. This work has attempted to set the ‘drug problem’, as it has become known, into a theoretical framework which aids our understanding of the phenomenon, by further developing theories of regime creation. Because the drug phenomenon is complex and multi-faceted, it requires precisely the issue-specific approach of international regimes as understood by this research.

From Policy To Practice: A Study of the Queensland Youth Justice Service: Policy, Implementation and Outcomes for Young Offenders

Drug trafficking, cattle ranching and Land use and Land cover change in Guatemala’s Maya Biosphere Reserve