Abstract
Pipelines play a crucial role in transporting large volumes of gas and oil over long distances due to their safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Maintaining the integrity of both surface and subsurface pipelines is vital for reliable operations and preventing costly failures that could result in environmental contamination from oil or gas spills. Pipeline degradation often results from electrochemical processes over time, affecting the surface in contact with the environment. This study reviews a decade of literature on methodologies, contributions, and drawbacks related to surface and subsurface pipeline integrity. It provides an overview of progress in PSE-aided thermal cracking production and introduces frameworks, methods, and algorithms proposed in the past 10 years, discussing their advantages, limitations, and industrial applications. Additionally, the paper identifies research gaps, particularly in the accuracy and validation of current methodologies. The study concludes by proposing future recommendations aimed at enhancing environmental sustainability, stressing the potentially catastrophic consequences of pipeline failures. It serves as a resource for experts in non-destructive testing and those interested in the field.
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