Integrated port governance and digitalization system: A model for boosting port logistics performance

E-governance is significant in enhancing efficiency, transparency, and the ability of government systems to deliver citizen-centric services through effective use of information and communication technologies. This study contemplates the evolution of e-governance in Nepal by tracing the conceptual models, evolution, challenges, and their alignment with globally benchmarked practices. To understand Nepal's performance, the e-governance performance of various countries of the world is taken into consideration, including the best e-governance systems implemented internationally, such as the Aadhaar digital identity system implemented by India, Estonia's digital identity system, Singapore's SingPass digital identity system, and New Zealand's integrated digital identity system, which is represented as ‘govt.nz.’ However, there is a plethora of challenges, including insufficient digital infrastructure, reduced interoperability between digital systems, various cyber threats, digital illiteracy, as well as a digital gap, which is yet to be addressed by the Nepalese government, as revealed by the report, which concluded that digital identity systems, along with institutional coordination, can propel the e-governance force of Nepal, leading the nation into fully digitalized governance systems and approaches.

This study examined the extent to which public elementary school heads implement technology-driven strategies and how these relate to transformational leadership practices across five leadership domains—School Planning, School Operations, Instructional Leadership, Professional Leadership, and Communication. Anchored on Contingency Theory, Transformational Leadership Theory, and General Systems Theory, the study utilized a descriptive research design involving 110 respondents: 55 school heads and 55 teachers from a Schools Division in Albay. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire measured on a 4-point Likert scale and analyzed using Frequency Count, Percentage Technique, Weighted Mean, and ANOVA. Results showed that technology-driven instructional leadership was highly practiced (mean 3.50), particularly in encouraging ICT integration in teaching, while school operations was the least practiced domain (mean 2.49), with cloud-based applications and online stakeholder engagement identified as recurring problem areas. Communication and professional leadership were moderately practiced, although virtual mentoring, digital grievance mechanisms, and personalized digital support registered low mean scores. Significant differences were found across technology-driven leadership domains (F = 3.60 > 2.87) and transformational leadership dimensions (F = 8.07 > 3.24), with Inspirational Motivation emerging as the highest-rated transformational leadership indicator and Individualized Consideration as the weakest. The study concludes that technology-driven transformational leadership is unevenly implemented, indicating the need for a leadership training design that enhances digital operations, structured mentoring, data-driven governance, and communication systems. The study supports SDG 4 (Quality Education) by strengthening digital competence and instructional leadership, and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) through its focus on ICT-based governance and digital systems. It also reinforces institutional sustainability by enhancing school governance processes, supporting teacher development, and promoting resilient, technology-enabled learning environments.

The rapid digital transformation of public administration has led to the widespread adoption of electronic government systems across the world. E government systems enable governments to deliver services, share information, and interact with citizens through digital platforms. These systems have significantly improved administrative efficiency, reduced bureaucratic delays, and enhanced access to public services. However, the success of e government initiatives depends heavily on citizens’ trust in digital platforms and the transparency of governmental processes. Without sufficient trust in digital systems and confidence in the integrity of government institutions, citizens may be reluctant to engage with electronic governance services. Digital trust refers to citizens’ confidence that digital systems operate securely, reliably, and ethically while protecting personal data and ensuring fairness in administrative processes. Transparency refers to the openness of government processes, the accessibility of information, and the ability of citizens to understand how decisions are made within digital governance frameworks. Socio technological models that integrate technological infrastructure with social and institutional factors can play an important role in strengthening trust and transparency in e government systems. This study aims to design and evaluate a socio technological model for enhancing digital trust and transparency in e government systems. The research develops a conceptual framework that examines the relationships between technological reliability, institutional transparency, citizen participation, and digital trust in e government services. Data were collected from citizens, public administrators, and information technology professionals involved in digital governance initiatives. Structural Equation Modeling using Smart Partial Least Squares was employed to analyze the relationships between constructs. The results indicate that technological reliability, institutional transparency, and citizen participation significantly influence digital trust in e government systems. The findings highlight the importance of integrating technological capabilities with social and governance mechanisms to strengthen public confidence in digital public administration. The study contributes to research on digital governance by providing empirical insights into the socio technological factors that shape trust and transparency in e government systems

How to empower people and communities with user-centric data ownership, transparent and accountable algorithms, and secure digital transaction systems. Data is now central to the economy, government, and health systems—so why are data and the AI systems that interpret the data in the hands of so few people? Building the New Economy calls for us to reinvent the ways that data and artificial intelligence are used in civic and government systems. Arguing that we need to think about data as a new type of capital, the authors show that the use of data trusts and distributed ledgers can empower people and communities with user-centric data ownership, transparent and accountable algorithms, machine learning fairness principles and methodologies, and secure digital transaction systems. It's well known that social media generate disinformation and that mobile phone tracking apps threaten privacy. But these same technologies may also enable the creation of more agile systems in which power and decision-making are distributed among stakeholders rather than concentrated in a few hands. Offering both big ideas and detailed blueprints, the authors describe such key building blocks as data cooperatives, tokenized funding mechanisms, and tradecoin architecture. They also discuss technical issues, including how to build an ecosystem of trusted data, the implementation of digital currencies, and interoperability, and consider the evolution of computational law systems.

Digital service systems have dominated our daily lives for satisfying various demands with almost no time and location constraints. Service providers need to take necessary actions to change specific behaviors of service systems to optimally comply with continuously-changing internal and external factors, e.g., new-issued laws and regulations, temporal and spatial distribution of user demands. This is called governance of service systems. Although there have been many approaches for guiding service system design, there are no systematic approaches for the design of the corresponding governance systems. By unifying existing studies on service governance, we propose a conceptual model and the corresponding design process of governance systems. A case study on the governance of an e-Business service systems is briefly demonstrated. Several challenges and opportunities are listed for future research. To sum up, this paper attempts a doable approach of "governing digital service systems by digital governance systems".

Turbulent globalization has driven transformation across multiple sectors, including shifts in government systems toward digital governance. This research aims to explore how government systems are transitioning to digital platforms in various countries, with a particular focus on the Asian region for a more in-depth and holistic review. The study employs a systematic literature review of digital government reforms in Asian countries over the past twenty years (2004–2024), using the Scopus database with the keywords “Digital,” “Government,” and “Reform.” It also employs bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer software. The findings reveal that several Asian countries, including Vietnam, China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia, have initiated the implementation of digital government systems with varying degrees of success. These countries have leveraged technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, and artificial intelligent (AI) to foster innovation and improve governmental performance. However, significant challenges remain, including regional digital disparities and the need for more adaptive and responsive policies to keep pace with technological change. The study concludes that although notable progress has been made, further research is needed to identify the key factors influencing the successful implementation of digital government systems in Asia.

Digital government is a new governance model in which the government uses digital technology to improve administrative efficiency, carry out organizational changes and operational mechanism innovation, and modernize its governance capacity. As reform enters deeper waters, the administrative risks associated with the use of digital technology are in urgent need of legal regulation. By analysing the mismatch of government organisation, the security of government data and the stormy dilemma of public opinion monitoring, this paper attempts to propose a rule of law optimisation path for the synergy of government organisation, lean decision-making and scientific supervision of the whole process, in order to improve the construction of the rule of law in digital government, optimise administrative procedures in accordance with the law, clarify the boundaries of administrative power, and build a digital government system framework that is compatible with the modernisation of the national governance system and governance capacity. The workshop will provide advice and suggestions on the framework of digital government system that is compatible with the modernization of national governance system and capacity.

Digital government is an important content and task of national governance modernization. Nevertheless, the existing research lacks the systematic consideration regarding digital government governance system, which is the key to the development of digital government. Thus, this paper adopts the analysis method of holistic governance, focuses on the technology governance system, business governance system and operation management system of digital government. Moreover, this paper puts forward the trinity of governance system practices, that is, intensive sharing technology governance framework, open and integrated business governance structure, and operation management system of collaborative development. On this basis, this paper further summarizes the specific suggestions to promote the coordinated development of digital government.

This study examines Indonesia's digital electoral governance systems—SILON, SIPOL, and SIREKAP—designed to uphold the constitutional principles of direct and fair elections (LUBER-JURDIL). SILON demonstrated an efficiency of 80% in processing candidate lists, achieving 30% compliance with female representation. SIPOL reduced administrative errors by 40%; however, systemic challenges remain. SIREKAP encountered a 12% discrepancy in vote recapitulation in rural areas such as Ogan Komering Ilir, mainly due to offline data entry bottlenecks (KPUD Sumsel, 2024). These issues illustrate Heeks' (2001) concept of the "design-reality gap," where failures arise not from technical inadequacies but from misalignments between digital systems and decentralized institutional contexts. SIPOL's dependence on manual submissions from 18 political parties resulted in delays, highlighting the phenomenon of "automation theater" (Warburton & Aspinall, 2019)—a superficial digitalization that obscures underlying bureaucratic inefficiencies. The contrast between urban and rural areas is significant. While SIREKAP's blockchain protocols ensured 89% transparency in urban precincts, they faltered in 31% of rural locations due to analog errors (KPU Technical Guideline No. 15/2023). In conservative regions such as Lahat, only 24% of candidate placements were female, despite SILON's gender quotas, indicating the presence of sociocultural barriers. The findings suggest the need for hybrid models that blend digital precision with grassroots engagement, as evidenced by KPUD Sumsel's literacy campaigns, which reduced SIREKAP discrepancies from 18% to 12%. Ensuring sustainable electoral integrity necessitates addressing institutional misalignments alongside technological advancements

Background: The rise of digital technology has revolutionized local governance by enhancing efficiency and transparency. Specific Background: In this context, the E-Buddy application facilitates the digital management of official correspondence, yet its effectiveness has not been thoroughly examined. Knowledge Gap: Current literature lacks a detailed analysis of the communication dynamics and bureaucratic structures affecting the success of such digital systems. Aims: This study investigates the implementation of the E-Buddy application, emphasizing communication, resource allocation, executor disposition, and bureaucratic structure. Results: Findings reveal that the application's effectiveness is undermined by limited feature utilization and insufficient adherence to standard operating procedures (SOPs), resulting in miscommunication and inefficiencies. Novelty: The research underscores the importance of effective communication and structured SOPs in optimizing digital systems in governance. Implications: The study recommends enhancing training and establishing clear SOPs to improve implementation outcomes and contribute to more effective governance. Highlights : Effective communication is crucial for successful implementation. Insufficient adherence to SOPs hampers operational efficiency. Training and support enhance user engagement and application effectiveness. Keywords: Digital Governance, E-Buddy Application, Implementation, Communication, Bureaucratic Structure

This paper compares Indonesian and Russian governmental auditing systems. The data of this study comes from Governmental auditing Institutions’ reports. The research result lightens the most widespread similarities and differences in Indonesian and Russian governmental auditing systems. The data of this study comes from Governmental auditing Institutions’ reports. The research result lightens the most widespread similarities and differences in Indonesian and Russian digital governmental auditing systems. When comparing governmental auditing systems, their structure, goals and objectives are shown.

In this article, the European digital governance system for vocational and adult education is critically examined in its single technologies and their interaction as well as theoretically reflected regarding potential dangers and opportunities based on the digital humanism and neoliberalism. The single digital technologies are described and critically scrutinised through expert interviews as well as the analysis of central policies, political decisions making (politics) and in the current technological modus operandi (digital polity). Findings reveal that the governance system leans towards progressive neoliberalism, combining forces of emancipation with forces of neoliberalism – especially regarding inclusion as one of the core dimensions of digital humanism.

The development of electronic document management is becoming an integral part of digital governance and is significant in improving the efficiency of both individual institutions and the public administration system. The study aimed to analyse the modern trends in the development of electronic document management in Ukraine and the world, and to identify the problems and prospects for its future development under the influence of digitalisation. The impact of the digitalisation process on the evolution of electronic document management in the government system as well as on all aspects of public life in general was noticed in the study. The research emphasised Ukraine’s accomplishments in the area of electronic document management digitisation. The study established that internal structure of digital governance was formed, citizens’ access to public services was expanded, and the Trembita system was introduced to ensure effective data exchange between government agencies. To this end, the Diia platform was introduced to ensure digital interaction between the state and society. Significant progress was made in the development of the legal framework for the development of electronic document management in the field of digital governance. Even though electronic document management in Ukraine has shown encouraging trends, its continued development under the influence of digitalisation necessitated resolving a number of issues, such as the legal and regulatory framework’s weakness, the low level of digital literacy among public servants and the interaction of state information systems, and the vulnerability to cyber threats. Other problems included resistance of government employees to the introduction of digitalisation in the field of electronic document management, a low level of funding and technical support of government agencies in the development of digital document management. The solution to these problems required not only finding effective ways to develop electronic document management in the digital governance system, but also borrowing foreign experience of successful practices of such development. The study that the experience of such countries as Estonia, Germany, Denmark and France was the most promising in this area. The practical value of the study is determined by the fact that the conclusions and recommendations obtained as a result of its implementation can be used to improve the process of development of electronic document management in the field of digital governance in Ukraine

This study examines the integration of blockchain technologies into digital governance systems, focusing on identifying strategies for effective implementation and assessing its benefits. It explores the challenges public institutions face in adopting blockchain and the opportunities it offers to improve efficiency, transparency, and reliability in public services. The study highlights the potential for blockchain to reduce corruption and increase public trust in government institutions. The research methodically conducts a thorough analysis of academic literature, legal papers, and current governance frameworks to assess the viability and consequences of blockchain integration. Key challenges include adapting regulatory frameworks and investing in technical infrastructure. However, successful integration can significantly enhance the security, transparency, and efficiency of public services. The study also discusses how these innovations could optimize administrative processes and outlines areas for future development in digital governance. Ultimately, it demonstrates that blockchain technology holds significant promise for improving governance systems and strengthening public confidence in governmental operations.

The metaverse is a multidimensional reality space that represents the evolving interface between humans, digital systems, and spatial computing. This research aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of metaverse definitions and architectural frameworks through the analysis of academic literature. A systematic literature review of 103 peer-reviewed studies was conducted, from which 33 explicit definitions and 25 architectural models were selected for detailed analysis. A mixed-methods qualitative approach was employed, combining a systematic literature analysis, word frequency analysis, and a thematic analysis to develop an expanded conceptual and architectural understanding. The analysis of 33 definitions revealed eight recurring conceptual themes, which were synthesised into five overarching categories: conceptual and linguistic constructs, spatial-environmental design, technological orientation, economic and governance systems, and social and human interaction. A total of 25 studies proposing architectural models are categorised into three thematic groups: technology-based, domain-based and layered architectures. A significant contribution of this study is the categorisation and comparative evaluation of foundational architectural models, specifically the extensively referenced three-, four-, and five-layer frameworks. The findings are structured around two primary areas of focus: the conceptual definition and the comparative analysis of established metaverse architecture models, focusing on a set of well-established models that exhibit conceptual clarity, structural coherence, and widespread acceptance in the literature. This integrated methodological approach not only offers a dual-perspective analysis that bridges conceptualisation and system design but also introduces an analytical framework that supports future standardisation and governance discussions.