Integrated multi-dimensional assessment of red mud recycling technologies: Insights from industrial waste treatment and life-cycle management

Abstract

A large stock of red mud (RM), with certain resource values and potential environmental hazards, places higher requirements on the selection and optimization of recycling technology. A multi-dimensional performance assessment method combined with life cycle assessment was established to address this issue. In this study, eight typical RM recycling technologies were screened and sorted into three categories, 18 assessment indicators covering technological, resource, environmental, economic, and social dimensions were defined, and the integrated performance assessments of different categories and technologies were analyzed and compared. For the building material preparation category, the environmental dimension mainly focused on reducing the consumption of chemical reagents and sintering temperatures. In the material adsorption and modification category, improvements primarily targeted the technological and societal dimensions by increasing technological readiness and social feasibility. For the metal extraction category, the technology dimension focused on improving applicability and competitiveness and optimizing process parameters. Electricity, the primary energy source, significantly affected environmental performance and constrained industrial scalability. Thus, integrated performance assessment method for RM recycling technologies offers a methodology for researchers, provides a scientific basis and guidance for technology selection for industrialized applications, and promotes the optimal management of industrial solid waste for governments.