“Integrated model perspective of capital theory, TPB and SCCT towards determining business students' digital entrepreneurial intention in developing country context”

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to employ a longitudinal approach to assess the effects of entrepreneurship education (EE) on students’ entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) through the constructs of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), which include attitudes towards behaviour (ATB), subjective norms (SN) and perceived behavioural control (PBC). Specifically, this study aims to achieve two objectives: first, to determine if students’ ATB, SN, PBC and EIs would increase significantly after their exposure to EE; and second, to establish whether students’ ATB, SN and PBC mediate the relationship between EE and their EIs.Design/methodology/approachThis longitudinal study employed a one-group pretest-posttest experimental research design. A self-reported questionnaire was administered to a randomly selected sample of 250 National Diploma students from five polytechnics in the North Central part of Nigeria before and after they were exposed to EE. To achieve the objectives of this study, repeated-measures t-test and partial least squares structural equation modelling were performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and SmartPLS, respectively, for data analysis.FindingsThe results of the paired-samples t-test showed that students’ ATB, SN, PBC and EIs increased significantly after their exposure to EE. Also, further data analysis revealed that EE had a significantly positive relationship with students’ ATB, SN, PBC and EIs. Similarly, the results of the structural model indicated that ATB had a significantly positive link with students’ EIs and also mediated the relationship between EE and students’ EIs. SN and PBC had a positive but not statistically significant relationship with students’ EIs and did not mediate the relationship between EE and students’ EIs.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study provide interesting implications for EE and entrepreneurship policies in Nigeria. More specifically, the findings provide some practical implications for the Nigerian government and the EE curriculum developers. To achieve greater impact of EE on students’ EIs at the tertiary education level, the Nigerian government should incorporate EE into the curricula at the primary and secondary education levels. Equipping students at the primary and secondary education levels with entrepreneurial knowledge, competencies and skills would enable them to develop a strong entrepreneurial mindset even before they gain admission to tertiary institutions.Originality/valueIt is one of the few studies that have tested empirically both the direct and the indirect effects of EE on students’ EIs in a single study. Thus, it helps to further clarify the links between EE and EIs. Besides, it is among the first studies to adopt a longitudinal approach to assess the effects of EE on students’ EIs through the constructs of the TPB (i.e. ATB, SN and PBC) in the Nigerian context.

This study aims to assess the impacts of three components from Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) on Entrepreneurial intention and analyze the mediating effects of these three components in the relationship between Entrepreneurial education and Entrepreneurial intention and in the relationship between Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial intention among engineering students. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire from engineering students at Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam. The methodology employed Structural Equation Modelling Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) using SmartPLS (version 3.3.3) to assess the relationship among variables. Findings confirm the directly positive relationship between Attitude toward entrepreneurship, Perceived behaviour control and Subjective norms on engineering student’s entrepreneurial intention. These three components of TPB mediate the relationship between Entrepreneurial education, Self-Efficay and engineering student’s entrepreneurial intention. This study contributes toward the understanding of engineering student’s entrepreneurial intention in Vietnam as an emerging market in Asia. The mediating effects of three components of TPB have been systematically investigated and the indirect roles of Entrepreneurial education and Self-Efficay have been validated by applying employed Structural Equation Modelling Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). Managerial implications are discussed to promote engineering student’s entrepreneurial intention in Vietnam. Higher education leaders and policymakers can utilise the findings to construct the initiatives of entrepreneurship development and their implementation for engineering students.

Climate change, natural resource depletion, and ecological destruction cultivate an unsustainable environment for humans. This study aims to develop a predictive model via empirical research to investigate the impact of climate change worry on environmental attitude (EA), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) and to assess the effect of these three variables from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on green purchase intention (GPI) for green products. The study investigates the behavior of a sample of 334 Generation Z university students at a university in Turkey using the convenience sampling method. This study, based on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), demonstrates that young consumers' climate change worries increase their EA, SN, and PBC, all of which contribute to a stronger desire to purchase green products. According to the findings, while SN and PBC are found to have a positive effect on GPI, EA is not considered as a significant predictor of GPI. The findings substantiate the applicability of the TPB model specifically in terms of SN and PBC in elucidating intentions to buy green products. Our findings also imply that the impact of novel factors -in this case, climate change worries on GPB should also be considered.

This study aims to investigate several determinants of student entrepreneurial intention in Indonesia by integrating the theoretical framework of self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The variables comprise entrepreneurial motivation, attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behaviour control. It further examines the consistency of the entrepreneurial intention model with PLS-SEM multi-group analysis (MGA). The current study employs a positivism approach, in which integrated SDT and TPB are assessed. It uses a self-reported questionnaire to collect the data randomly. There were 362 pieces of data collected from Indonesian university students. Partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) is utilized to test the research hypothesis. This study also employs multi-group analysis (MGA) to assess the model robustness of the student group characteristics. The study results reveal that three predictors - attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behaviour control - affect entrepreneurial intention. Meanwhile, entrepreneurial motivation affects entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behaviour control significantly mediate the effect of entrepreneurial motivation on entrepreneurial intention. However, after examining the consistency of the model, further discussion is needed. The results of this study carry considerable theoretical and practical implications for the education system and higher education policymakers.

Despite the growing emphasis on entrepreneurship education, many university graduates continue to exhibit low entrepreneurial intention and engagement. Understanding how education and entrepreneurial mindset jointly influence this intention remains limited, particularly in non-Western contexts. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), this study investigates how entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial mindset shape students’ entrepreneurial intention through the TPB constructs—attitude toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC). Using a self-administered survey, 190 valid responses from students at an Iranian public university were analyzed via structural equation modeling (SEM-PLS). The findings indicate that attitude and PBC significantly influence entrepreneurial intention, while subjective norms do not have a direct effect but exert an indirect influence through attitude and PBC. Entrepreneurship education positively affects PBC and indirectly influences entrepreneurial intention via PBC but does not directly predict intention, attitude, or subjective norms. Furthermore, entrepreneurial mindset significantly shapes attitude, subjective norms, and PBC, and indirectly influences entrepreneurial intention through these TPB components. Overall, the findings highlight the need for more experiential and practice-oriented educational approaches to ensure that improvements in entrepreneurial mindset and educational exposure translate into stronger entrepreneurial intention. Practical recommendations are offered to enhance the design and delivery of entrepreneurship education in higher education settings.

Entrepreneurs are pivotal in driving business growth, fostering innovation, and strengthening economies through risk-taking and strategic decision-making. Their contributions build a competitive and future-ready market, positioning entrepreneurship as a catalyst for both economic and societal advancement. Despite extensive government initiatives in Malaysia to encourage entrepreneurship, participation among university graduates remain relatively low. This study integrates the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Human Capital Theory (HCT) to investigate the determinants of entrepreneurial intention (EI) among Malaysian students. It examines the direct effects of entrepreneurial attitude (EA), perceived behavioural control (PBC), subjective norms (SN), and entrepreneurial education (EE) on EI, while assessing the moderating role of EE. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 220 students from public and private institutions using stratified random sampling. The variables were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The results demonstrated that EA, PBC, SN, and EE significantly affected EI. However, EE only moderates the PBC-EI relationship, with no significant moderating effects observed for EA-EI and SN-EI. These results underscore the importance of designing business education programs that not only transmit knowledge but also cultivate entrepreneurial passion, thereby enhancing students' readiness to engage in entrepreneurial activities.

This study aims to examine the factors that influence individual decisions in conducting activities digitally through the BSI Mobile Bangkig application using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) approach. This research method uses a quantitative approach with purposive sampling techniques on 95 respondents using BSI Mobile Banking. Data were collected through an online questionnaire and analyzed using Partial Least Square - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results showed that subjective attitudes and norms had a significant influence on digital engagement intentions, while the perception of behavioral control had a direct influence on engagement decisions. In addition, the intention of infaq has been proven to be an intervening variable that strengthens the relationship between attitudes and decisions of infaq, but does not mediate the influence of subjective norms and perceptions of behavioral control on infaq decisions. This study provides insights into the factors influencing the adoption of digital infaq by Islamic banking services, particularly BSI Mobile Banking, which can help more broadly optimize social fund collection.

This study describes internship experiences contribution as an antecedent on the relationship between Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and entrepreneurial intention. Internship experiences can be divided into five aspects: sensory experiences, affective experiences, physics experiences, cognitive-creative experiences and relation experiences. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the TPB and its impact on entrepreneurial intention. This research used descriptive quantitative method and the technique of data analysis used Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS).The respodents of the research are fourth and fifth year students of economics education. This research showed that : (1) There were a positive and insignificant influence between sensory experiences and attitude toward behavior; there were a negative and insignificant influence between sensory experiences and subjective norm; there were a positive and insignificant influence between sensory experiences and perceived behavior control. (2) There were a positive and insignificant influence between affective experiences and attitude toward behavior; there were a positive and insignificant influence between affective sensory experiences and subjective norm; there were a negative and insignificant influence between affective experiences and perceived behavior control.(3) There were a negative and insignificant influence between physic experiences and attitude toward behavior; there were a positive and insignificant influence between physic experiences and subjective norm; there were a negative and insignificant influence between physic experiences and perceived behavior control. (4) There were a positive and significant influence between cognitive-creative experiences and attitude toward behavior; there were a positive and significant influence between cognitive-creative experiences and subjective norm; there were a positive and significant influence between cognitive-creative experiences and perceived behavior control. (5) There were a positive and insignificant influence between relational experiences and attitude toward behavior; there were a positive and insignificant influence between relation experiences and subjective norm; there were a positive and insignificant influence between relation experiences and perceived behavior control. (6) There were a positive and significant influence between attitude toward behavior, subjective norm and perceived behavior control to the entrepreneurial intention.

Purpose This study aims to examine the factors influencing travelers’ adoption of AI chatbots in the tourism and hospitality sector by positioning system quality dimensions as antecedents of behavioral intention (BI). Design/methodology/approach A theoretical framework was developed by integrating the DeLone and McLean Information Systems (IS) success model with an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) that incorporates personal norms and privacy concerns. Survey data were collected from 738 travelers with recent chatbot interaction experience and analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) and multigroup analysis (MGA). Findings The results indicate that information quality service quality and system quality each significantly positively affect perceived behavioral control perceived behavioral control (PBC) attitudes and subjective norms. Among these predictors PBC emerges as the strongest determinant of BI followed by attitude and subjective norms whereas personal norms demonstrate a relatively modest effect. Privacy concerns function as a significant boundary condition negatively moderating the relationships between PBC and intention as well as between attitude and intention whereas normative influences remain unaffected. MGA further revealed that gender age and usage frequency meaningfully shape key adoption pathways. Practical implications Tourism and hospitality providers should prioritize usability and control-enhancing features to strengthen PBC, alongside strategic investments in information, service and system quality. Transparent privacy mechanisms and segment-specific engagement strategies are essential for mitigating privacy concerns and promoting chatbot adoption across diverse user groups. Originality/value This study advances technology adoption research by synthesizing IS quality dimensions with the TPB in the context of AI chatbot adoption. It offers novel insights into how privacy concerns and demographic factors condition user behavior, providing actionable guidance for the design of user-centric and trustworthy conversational AI systems in tourism and hospitality.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate farmers’ intentions to comply with pesticide application standards based on an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB).Design/methodology/approachBuilt on a TPB framework, it was examined how perceived behavioural control (PBC), behavioural goal (BG), behavioural attitude (BA) and subjective norm (SN) influenced farmers’ intention to comply with pesticide application standards. Data of 986 farmers from five major agricultural provinces in China were collected following a stratified random sampling method. Structural equation modelling was employed for hypothesis testing and analysis.FindingsThe results showed that PBC, BG, behavioural attitude and SN had positive impacts on farmers’ intention in abiding by the standards. Among them in determining farmers’ intention towards compliance with pesticide application standards, farmers’ PBC was found to be the most influential factor, while SN was the least influential factor.Originality/valueThe results indicated that the traditional TPB constructs had significant correlations with farmers’ intention to comply with pesticide standards, demonstrating the applicability of the TPB in the understanding of farmers’ decision-making in a developing country context. It is suggested that psychological factors should be taken into consideration in studying farmers’ decision-making.

Climate change threatens the existence of food security in Bangladesh’s coastal areas, especially because financial adaptation programs such as micro-credit are necessary to endure in the long run. The present study aims to use the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to assess the determinants of intentions of smallholder farmers to use micro-credit to adapt to climate change, as opposed to consumption. The design is specifically to determine the predictive validity and hierarchical effect of attitude, subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) in a high-risk area. A cross-sectional survey was done on 385 smallholder farmers in the climate-prone coastal areas of Bhola and Barisal. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze data in an attempt to test the structural relationships between TPB constructs and adaptation intention (AI). PLS-SEM analysis demonstrated that there was a unique sequence of motivations typical of the necessity-driven adaptation. Attitude proved to be the most influential source of intention (T = 6.593), another factor was subjective norms (T = 5.302), and perceived behavioral control (T = 2.848) had the least, but again a significant impact. These findings show that the personal convictions of the farmer in the effectiveness of the strategy and social acceptance are much stronger than the issues of accessibility and structural obstacles in high-risk climate zones. To gain faster adoption, microfinance institutions (MFIs) must go beyond accessibility. The policies must package micro-credit with crop insurance to increase the sense of perceived control and deploy local climate adaptation champions to capitalize on social norms. The paper is one of the first works to empirically show a change in the hierarchy of motivation to climate finance. It adds to the literature of TPBs as it demonstrates that environmental vulnerability increases the contribution of attitude and social norms compared to PBC, providing a new behavioral paradigm to the Global South.

Purpose The use of air-conditioners (ACs) is on the increase in the developing world, with exacerbating compounding effect on carbon footprints. With this development, there is the expectation that developing countries would begin to appreciate and understand occupant behaviours in the use of ACs towards combating climate change, especially as building energy consumption is heavily influenced by the behaviour of its occupants. This study aims to identify occupant behaviours that leads to efficient use of ACs in public buildings so that these can be factored into developing guidelines for improving energy efficiency in buildings. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), survey questionnaire was used to collect data in office buildings in Kumasi, Ghana. Partial least squares–structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis was employed for the analysis. Findings Switching on fan(s) as alternative to ACs has a path coefficient of 0.527, suggesting that it will have the most positive impact on energy consumption as far as AC use is concerned. The second occupant behaviour with a positive impact on energy consumption for AC use is opening windows for natural ventilation accounting for 0.351 significant path coefficient. Wearing of light or heavy clothing as a means of conserving energy achieved 0.174 impact coefficient while occupant behaviour of switching off ACs when leaving the room came last in the ranking, with an impact coefficient of 0.146. TBP is validated in this model, given that all the four occupant behaviours had their perceived behavioural control (PBC) having less impact on the behaviour compared to the behavioural attitude (BA) and the subjective norm (SN). Research limitations/implications This research focused on public buildings used as offices, and the findings may not be applicable to private company buildings and also residential properties. Given that Ghana and, for that matter, many developing countries rely heavily on thermal plant for electricity generation, the climate change implications of the findings are discussed. Practical implications It is recommended that behaviours of occupants should be considered and factored in building energy predictions to bridge the energy performance gap. Subsequently, project managers, designers and energy consultants are encouraged to provide fans and openable windows in offices, even if there is going to be an air-conditioning provisions. Originality/value Originality emanates from the paper being at the forefront of helping to understand occupants' behaviour in the use ACs and associated climate change implications in a developing country context. One of the new variables introduced, switching on fans as an alternative to ACs, achieved the highest path coefficient and has important implication for occupant behaviour in the use of ACs in the literature.

Transportation ranks among the top sources for global carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Though electric vehicles (EVs) offer a promising solution, consumer uptake remains low. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) identifies factors that drive pro-environmental behavior, yet seldom investigates the specific beliefs that inform and shape those factors. This article addresses that oversight by identifying key beliefs and investigating their relationships within an extended TPB to explain consumers' decision to purchase EVs. Semi-structured interviews with 33 consumers elicited underlying beliefs to the point of data saturation before a survey of 472 consumers was conducted and analyzed via partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Specifically, this article extends the TPB by (i) identifying the behavioral and normative beliefs shaping attitudes and subjective norms toward EV purchases, (ii) investigating perceived behavioral control (PBC) as a unidimensional variable influenced by covert and overt control beliefs toward EV purchases, (iii) integrating moral norms alongside extrinsic and intrinsic religiosity as values shaping EV purchases, and (iv) inspecting the role of generations in EVs purchases. The results reveal attitude as the most influential determinant of consumers' intention to purchase EV, followed by PBC, moral norms, and subjective norms, while generational variations showed that extrinsic and intrinsic religiosity is only significant to Gen Y, but not Gen X and Gen Z, in EV purchases. These insights contribute by revealing how beliefs, values, and generational differences shape EV adoption, with practical suggestions to promote EV purchases in order to accelerate the transition to cleaner transportation.

This study describes the contribution of the internship experience as an antecedent to the relationship between the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and career intentions as an accountant. This study applied a descriptive-quantitative method. In addition, data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Model-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS). The results indicated that: (1) Sensory experiences had a positive but insignificant effect on attitude toward behavior. Besides, it had a negative and insignificant effect on subjective norms and perceived behavior control; (2) Affective experiences had a positive and significant effect on attitude toward behavior. Besides, it had a positive but insignificant effect on subjective norms and perceived behavior control; (3) Physical experiences had a negative and significant effect on attitude toward behavior. Besides, it had a positive but insignificant effect on subjective norms. Furthermore, it had a negative and significant effect on perceived behavior control; (4) Cognitive-creative experiences had a positive and significant effect on attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control; (5) Relation experiences had a positive and significant effect on attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control; (6) Attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavior control had a positive and significant effect on career intention as an accountant.

This study adopts the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) framework to examine the effect of the government-initiated Entrepreneurship Student Program (ESP) on the entrepreneurial intentions and behavior of students. In addition, the research also examines the market information adequacy and standard psychological components of TPB, namely attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control as predictor variables. Data are collected from 208 university students in Semarang, Indonesia, with the Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique employed for analysis. The result shows that ESP and the adequacy of market information directly influence the entrepreneurial behavior of Indonesian students, while the influence of attitudes and perceived behavior control is mediated by entrepreneurial intention. In conclusion, this study implies that ESP can be considered effective in preparing and facilitating entrepreneurship among university students, therefore the government needs to consider increasing its availability to cover a larger number of universities in Indonesia.