Insulin Vesicle Substance That Physiologically Regulates Blood Glucose

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The pancreas plays a pivotal role in regulating energy use and metabolic processes, consisting of two distinct parts with different structures and functions, namely, the exocrine (made up of acinar and ductal cells) and endocrine (comprising the islets of Langerhans) components. Although endocrine islets constitute a mere fraction of the pancreas’s total mass-less than 5%-they are substantial in number, exceeding one billion cells in the human body. Within these islets, there are five primary cell types, each responsible for producing and releasing a specific hormone. β-cells generate insulin, and α-cells produce glucagon. Insulin and glucagon are particularly crucial, as they are secreted directly into the bloodstream via an extensive vascular network within the islets, playing essential roles in maintaining glucose levels in the blood. The insulin storage granules within cells are characterized by a biochemically intricate composition, encompassing a variety of ions, diminutive molecular entities, and polypeptides. Research has documented the presence of additional bioactive compounds within insulin-containing vesicles. These encompass insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), preptin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In this mini-review, an examination of cell and animal studies has demonstrated that compounds co-secreted with insulin from the granules in pancreatic beta cells enhance the efficacy of insulin in reducing blood glucose levels through autocrine signaling pathways.