Instrumentos económicos para el manejo de desechos sólidos. El caso Escazú

Foreword. Some issues of intragenerational and intergenerational equity and measurement of sustainable development B. Nath. Regional planning and economic sustainability issues of municipal SWM: experience from Greece relevant to the Black-Sea countries C.D. Panagiotakopoulos, D.C. Panagiotakopoulos. Solid waste management in developing countries - a case study of Turkey G. Kocasoy. Solid waste priority projects for the sustainable development of south-east Bulgaria Y. Pelovski, et al. Sustainable solid waste management in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: a NATO initiative B. Nath, L. Marinova. The National Waste Management Programme of Bulgaria M. Dishovski, et al. The sustainable landfill bioreactor - a flexible approach to solid waste management W. Powrie, J.P. Robinson. Materials recycling - strategic management and conditions for economic viability B. De Caevel, A. Buekens. Municipal investment strategies and national policies in the process of accession to the European Union: impressions from Bulgaria P. Dax, P. Borisova. Monitoring of waste in Bulgaria for sustainable waste management N. Boneva, et al. Thiourea leaching of gold-bearing mine wastes from the Madjarovo processing plant in the south east of Bulgaria S. Gaydardjiev. A pilot-scale passive system for the treatment of acid mine drainage S.N. Groudev, et al. Treatment of solid waste generated from the manufacture of polyacrylonitrile fibre E.I. Terlemesian, S.K. Stoyanov. Sustainable solid waste management in Turkey C. Guresinli. Solid waste management on the Black Sea coast of Turkey E. Erdin, S. Tokgoz. Separation, collection and transportation of municipal solid waste - a case study in Turkey F. Taner, et al. Solid waste management efforts in Turkey -- regional solidwaste management in Adana-Mersin H. Evliya. Proposal for a sustainable solid waste management scheme for the coastal zone of Antalya, Turkey B. Kalkanoglu, B. Topkaya. On the statistical probabilistic modelling of the diffusion of fine solid materials O. Makarynskyy, D. Makarynska. Urban waste management in Romania -- a case study in Iasi City A. Atudorei. Problems and prospects of sustainable solid waste management in Romania A. Leca, et al. On the management of solid waste generated at the Constanza Shipyard, Romania N. Peride, et al. The abstracts. Importance of waste biomass from household, agricultural and industrial waste for a sustainable farming system M.Z. Doicheva. Prospects for sustainable waste management in Georgia M. Tzereteli, T. Tetvadze. Treatment of solid waste in the Municipality of New Orestiada, Greece A. Papaeoanu. High humidity domestic solid waste pyrolysis with a pre-drying system N. Antonescu, N.N. Antonescu. Name index. Subject index.

Solid waste management (SWM) has always been an integral feature of every human society and has become a growing global concern as urban populations continue to grow as well as consumption patterns change. The health and environmental consequences of SWM are becoming increasingly urgent, particularly in developing countries. In this sense, sustainable and integrated solid waste management emerges as a solution to the growing global challenges of disposing of municipal solid waste (MSW). SWM is a cross-cutting issue that can be directly or indirectly linked to the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) because it is an essential utility service. The three dimensions (or pillars) of sustainability are the environment, the economy, and society. Sustainable solid waste management (SWM) is a multifaceted issue with political, socioeconomic, institutional, and environmental components. It has become one of the most significant issues confronting urban spaces in developing countries as a result of exponential urban growth. Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) aims to optimize the management of solid waste from all waste-generating sectors, collection, transportation, and disposal while involving all stakeholders (waste generators, service providers, regulators, government, and community/neighborhoods).KeywordsMunicipal solid wasteSustainable Development Goals (SDGs)Integrated solid waste managementSustainability pillars

3 - Toward sustainable solid waste management – challenges and opportunities

Purpose: Community participation in solid waste management is currently seen as a determinant of successful solid waste management. Cases of failed solid waste management are common in areas where the waste management is regarded as a responsibility of local authorities while the community remains indifferent. Research has shown that public participation in solid waste management is marginal in most African countries. The study was aimed at analysing the residents’ participation in solid waste management in Solwezi. Results are cardinal in designing more sustainable waste management strategies. Methodology: It utilized systematic random sampling to sample 77 households of which 28 were from Kyawama Township, 23 from Stadium and 26 were from Kandundu Townships. Structured interviews, key informant interviews and observations were used to collect data on methods of waste disposal, residents’ perceptions of solid waste management services available, and their willingness to pay for sustainable solid waste management. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, chi-square, Pearson product-moment correlation and content analysis. Findings: Results showed that 65 % of the residents felt that they did not participate in any formal waste management practices. The 35 % who admitted to being participants felt they did this through waste separation, reuse and through their engaging a formal waste collector. In Solwezi, burying of waste (44.2 %) was the dominant waste management practice followed by formal waste collection (35 %) and burning (19.4 %)., while informal waste collectors accounted for 2.6 % of waste disposed of and 1.3 % of waste was disposed of through communal rubbish bins. Solwezi had very low participation of the residents in formal waste collection services with some residents not aware of the existence of such a service in the town (31.2 %). Among barriers to community engagement in solid waste management in Solwezi were a lack of knowledge of the existence of formal waste collection systems (35 %), failure by the local municipal council to provide waste bins either in residential areas or streets (13 %), relatively high costs of engaging in formal solid waste management and a lack of alternative cheaper ways of managing domestic solid waste. There was a general willingness by most residents to pay for sustainable solid waste management (57.2 %) with only 2.6 % indicating they felt that the local municipal council should treat waste management as a service that residents do not have to pay for Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: In conclusion, the low community participation in solid waste management in Solwezi was attributed to failure to adequately sensitize residents by the municipal council. Residents’ attitudes towards sustainable management of solid waste and community engagement in decisions related to solid waste management by the local authority was token at best. The study recommended sensitization in community participation as well as incentivizing champions of community waste management as a way of improving community participation in solid waste management.

It is widely accepted that solid waste management is a global problem. This problem is even more pronounced in developing countries such as Nigeria where solid waste management is a major concern. In recent times, however, there has been a concerted effort towards engaging members of the public in solving the waste management crisis. This effort is centred on public participation in sustainable waste management practice across the country. Nevertheless, in Abuja there seems to be low public participation in sustainable wastes and environmental management practice. This paper therefore seeks to investigate the rate of participation in sustainable waste and environmental management activities in Abuja. In order to achieve the aim of the study, the paper relied on a sample of 57 participants to obtain some primary data. The paper employed a mixed method approach with the aid of a questionnaire. The questions were designed to gather data on demographics of the participants, their awareness and attitude to sustainable waste management, the barriers preventing public participation in a sustainable solid waste management and measures that can encourage public participation in sustainable waste management in Abuja. The study revealed that increase funding, provision of recycling collection points, enforcement of laws and policies, the development of effective policies and regulatory framework amongst others are some of the measures that can encourage public participation in sustainable waste management programs in Abuja.

Global solid waste generation is steeply increasing. Currently, high-income countries are responsible for the utmost per capita waste generation, but as economies of the Global South are growing rapidly, their waste is expected to triple by 2050. Simultaneously, countries such as Indonesia did not manage to align their socio-economic development with a sustainable solid waste management (SWM) and therefore contribute significantly to waste debris. Community participation is recognized by governments and civil society actors as an inclusive and transformative tool to manage exacerbating environmental issues. Urban regions intensify the challenges of solid waste generation, as is the case in Jakarta. Therefore, sustainable waste management is subject to an increasing number of civil society organizations. The study analyzed how participative processes within SWM efforts in Jakarta are executed, to investigate potentials and obstacles that evolve during the implementation. Another aim was to explore the heterogenous perspectives of participation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with civil society actors, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs), social enterprises, and waste banks to get insights into participatory procedures in Jakarta. The results reveal that the waste problems in Jakarta are complex, interrelated, and multi-layered. While participatory procedures have been acknowledged by the organizations to be highly relevant for waste management, such approaches should be adapted depending on the local circumstances and actors. Some of the obstacles and limitations include deficiency of infrastructure for SWM, lack of government engagement, and general awareness. Therefore, participatory formats should be combined, e.g., with suitable structures and balanced engagement of all relevant actors. Among others, further empirical research is needed to get a better understanding of the effectiveness of participation for efforts addressing environmental pollution. Such research can reveal (hidden) potentials of participative formats for sustainable waste management in urban or metropolitan areas in the Global South.

Indonesia is an archipelagic country consisting of more than 17,500 islands. Urbanization and community agglomeration in urban areas in Indonesia are increasing the complexity of solid waste management in Indonesia. The old paradigm of 'collect-transport-disposal' waste management still occurs frequently in cities in Indonesia. This research is designed to be a systematic qualitative review. The relationships between good environmental governance and sustainable solid waste management are synthesized from a perspective of current conditions in Indonesia. The solution to sustainable waste management is generally carried out through well-organized waste management in an integrated manner from upstream to downstream with a 'cradle-to-grave' mindset, including the impacts that may arise therein. Implementing sustainable solid waste management requires commitment and support from all aspects of stakeholders. Good environmental governance is a comprehensive, dynamic, and complex concept that attempts to improve environmental conditions while promoting sustainable solid waste management. The results show that good environmental governance is very influential for sustainable solid waste management, but it still needs to be implemented optimally in Indonesia. Integration and synchronization of policies between the central government and local government must be further improved to implement good environmental governance.

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of rule-based games as a pedagogical strategy for meaningful learning about sustainable solid waste management among 6th-grade students (Class 08) at the Leónidas Acuña Educational Institution (Cesar Department, Municipality of Valledupar, Colombia). Theoretical Framework: The research is based on the theories of Piaget (1962) and Ausubel (1983), highlighting the importance of play in children's cognitive development and meaningful learning. It also addresses sustainable solid waste management according to the environmental regulations and policies implemented in Colombia. Method: The study was developed using a non-experimental, cross-sectional quantitative approach. The sample included 28 students selected through intentional non-probabilistic sampling. A questionnaire with a Likert scale was used to collect data on knowledge and practices of waste management, learning disposition, and students' perception of using games. Results and Discussion: The results showed that 75% of the students have a high level of knowledge about solid waste, but there are significant deficiencies in sustainable management and recycling techniques. Additionally, 92.86% prefer classes that include games, highlighting their positive influence on meaningful learning. Research Implications: The research demonstrated the need to integrate playful strategies into environmental education to improve solid waste management. The results can influence educational policies and pedagogical practices, promoting deeper and more sustainable learning. Originality/Value: This study contributes to strengthening environmental pedagogy by demonstrating the effectiveness of rule-based games as an innovative educational tool to foster meaningful and sustainable learning about solid waste management. The findings can guide future research.

South Africa has a variety of regulations on the provision of solid waste management services in municipalities because of the apartheid legacy. Nonetheless, discrepancies in waste management services persist despite new laws, legislative reforms and strategies. Those who live in marginalized and impoverished communities are the most susceptible and severely affected by improper waste management. This demonstrates a lack of integrated and sustainable waste management systems. This study aims to recommend a sustainable solid waste management system in Engcobo Local Municipality. Data was gathered through focus group discussions, documents, and semi structured interviews. Findings revealed that there has been improvements in the sustainable management of solid waste. The municipality is experimenting with novel approaches to deal with the problem of solid waste, particularly in remote locations where people’s trash is difficult to pick up and collect. Through the focus group discussions, it was shown that some participants still need more information on waste management, there is a need for thorough educational initiatives on sanitation management, not particularly wastewater and sanitation.

Innovative frameworks and strategies for solid waste management have been brought forward by researchers to solve the phenomenon of accumulating waste in the environment globally. The sustainability of medical waste management then pivots on the ability of waste management in a way that proves harmless to humans, animals, plants and the environment at large. This review looks into the strategies for the sustainable management of solid waste generated in the health institutions of Zimbabwe. Waste management includes waste generation, waste segregation, waste storage, waste collection and transportation, waste treatment and disposal and waste reuse and recycling. Exhaustive literature review was conducted as the methodology for this review soliciting information on the solid medical waste management status worldwide. In Zimbabwe, hazardous medical solid waste segregation, storage, transportation and disposal is a responsibility of the medical institutions generating the waste. These include trip and fall hazards, infectious hazards, cuts and lacerations, drugs addictions and radioactive hazards. The environment also faces contamination to the land, underground water bodies through leaching, surface water bodies, damage to flora, poisoning of fauna and contamination of the atmosphere by methane and carbon monoxide. Findings of the study show that innovations for medical solid waste management include frameworks such as the Ladder of Lansink and the three 'R's. Innovative technologies include rotary kiln incinerators, automated segregation and engineered landfills. Therefore, the framework addresses issues impeding the adoption of these innovative strategies in Zimbabwe.

Worldwide solid waste generation has increased significantly. Source separation and recycling are important elements in solid waste management as both offer sustainable and effective solutions to the mounting waste issue. Beginning 1 September 2015, Perlis, Kedah, Pahang, Negeri Sembilan, Malacca, Johor, and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya mandated the separation of solid waste at source or from households as provided under the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 (Act 672). Nevertheless, issues such as the increase in the population, poor enforcement, and lack of proper infrastructure might hinder the successful implementation of the programme. This paper studies provisions on the separation of solid waste at source among households under the act and related challenges. The method used is library research and interviews. The findings of this paper is that the enforcement of mandatory separation of solid waste at source among households is a promising move towards enhancing sustainable solid waste management in Malaysia but there is space for improvement in order to ensure its successful implementation.

The traditional approach of handling municipal solid waste in many cities in Indonesia has led to the failure in certain degree of the solid waste management (SWM). On the other hand, the non-conventional options are the approaches to transform this business-as-usual approach to sustainable SWM that aims at accomplishing the appropriate proportion of the elements in waste hierarchy towards sustainable solid waste management. This study aims at assessing the present non-conventional approaches in municipal solid waste management undertaken by waste authorities in Makassar City. We conducted an in-depth investigation and interview with the actors/members, users, citizens and authorities on current status of non-conventional options of SWM. Four hundred and two respondents have been acquired their opinion and perception. Analysis on their perceptions was done by using 5-point Likert scale, by expecting to represent the respondents’ voices in carrying out the SWM activities. From the study, we confirmed that activities towards sustainable solid waste management are not always cost-intensive activities, a socially-bounded engagement, as reflected in by community in the study area, would also workable. We affirm that a livable city will not be accomplished without sustainable solid waste management.

Management of solid waste from rural hospitals is amongst problems affecting Zimbabwe due to diseases, population, and hospital increase. Solid waste from rural hospitals is receiving little attention translating to environmental health problems. Therefore, 101 secondary sources were used to write a paper aiming to proffer a hierarchical model to achieve sustainable solid waste management at rural hospitals. Rural hospitals' solid waste encompasses electronic waste, sharps, pharmaceutical, pathological, radioactive, chemical, infectious, and general waste. General solid waste from rural hospitals is between 77.35 and 79% whilst hazardous waste is between 21 and 22.65%. Solid waste increase add burden to nearly incapacitated rural hospitals. Rural hospital solid waste management processes include storage, transportation, treatment methods like autoclaving and chlorination, waste reduction alternatives, and disposal. Disposal strategies involve open pits, open burning, dumping, and incineration. Rural hospital solid waste management is guided by legislation, policies, guidelines, and conventions. Effectiveness of legal framework is limited by economic and socio-political problems. Rural hospital solid waste management remain inappropriate causing environmental health risks. Developed hierarchical model can narrow the route to attain sustainable management of rural hospitals' solid waste. Proposed hierarchical model consists of five-layered strategies and acted as a guide for identifying and ranking approaches to manage rural hospitals' solid waste. Additionally, Zimbabwean government, Environmental Management Agency and Ministry of Health is recommended to collaborate to provide sufficient resources to rural hospitals whilst enforcing legal framework. Integration of all hierarchical model's elements is essential whereas all-stakeholder involvement and solid waste minimisation approaches are significant at rural hospitals.

The general hospital is one of the health services needed by the community. Apart from positively impacting health, general hospitals also harm medical waste generated from operating activities as health service providers. Medical waste contains various viruses and bacteria that can endanger the health and pollute the environment if not managed properly. One of the hazardous medical wastes is general hospital solid medical waste. Solid medical waste in Indonesia is recorded to increase every year. Many general hospitals do not yet have a sustainable solid medical waste management system in medical waste management. The management process starts from the preparation stage, such as sorting, storing, processing, and reporting, which are still done separated. Separated process can make it difficult to monitor solid medical waste that follows sustainable standards that do not harm the environment. This study will develop a solid medical waste management module based on the Odoo Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system with the QuickStart method. This system can integrate data and information from each division responsible for the waste management process. The system will simplify the preparation process for management, monitoring processing following Key Performance Indicators (KPI) for sustainable waste management, such as whether the waste can be reused, recycled, energy consumed, and indicators for waste processing machines according to sustainable standards and government regulations. In the last stage, waste management can be reported automatically by the system, making it easier to analyze the results of solid medical waste management results and assist in decision-making.

Towards Sustainable Management of Solid Waste in Egypt