Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily affects the lungs, causing respiratory symptoms. However, the infection clearly affects all organ systems including the gastrointestinal system. Acute pancreatitis associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been widely reported Recent studies have discussed pancreatic compromise incidentally in asymptomatic patients, or in a form of clinical symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, or vomiting, which is further reflected in some cases with abnormal serum lipase and amylase levels It was suggested that upregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme II cell receptors or inflammatory cytokines play a major role in predisposing pancreatic injury in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients To date, there is insufficient data to establish the causality of acute pancreatitis in SARS-CoV-2 infected cases. In this paper, we organize recent studies conducted to observe the frequency of acute pancreatitis associated with COVID-19 cases while highlighting present hypotheses, predisposing factors, and their effect on the outcome, and point to gaps in our knowledge.
Highlights
In December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in Wuhan City, China.Since COVID-19 has become a world-wide pandemic affecting the lives of millions of people and raising mortality rates due to viral infection or its sequelae [1]
A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 52 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia admitted to Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from 20 January to 28 February 2020
Given the increasing number of cases reported with GI symptoms in COVID-19 positive patients, studies have focused on observing the extent of GI compromise especially when it comes to pancreatic injury
Summary
In December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in Wuhan City, China. COVID-19 has become a world-wide pandemic affecting the lives of millions of people and raising mortality rates due to viral infection or its sequelae [1]. As reported by the World Health Organization in June 2021, there have been over 170 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 globally, including over 4 million deaths [2]. It was initially found that it causes a broad range of upper and lower respiratory symptoms such as cough and dyspnea in addition to systemic manifestations of fever, loss of taste and/or smell, myalgia, and arthralgia. Extrapulmonary compromise involving gastrointestinal (GI), pancreatic, and hepatobiliary among other systems has been reported. Most common GI symptoms presented were abdominal pain, nausea with/without vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia [3]
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