Inside the Global Drive for Cyber Peace

The international community is too often focused on responding to the latest cyber-attack instead of addressing the reality of pervasive and persistent cyber conflict. From ransomware against the city government of Baltimore to state-sponsored campaigns targeting electrical grids in Ukraine and the U.S., we seem to have relatively little bandwidth left over to ask what we can hope for in terms of 'peace' on the Internet, and how to get there. It's also important to identify the long-term implications for such pervasive cyber insecurity across the public and private sectors, and how they can be curtailed. This edited volume analyzes the history and evolution of cyber peace and reviews recent international efforts aimed at promoting it, providing recommendations for students, practitioners and policymakers seeking an understanding of the complexity of international law and international relations involved in cyber peace. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

South Africa is an upper middle–income country with a population of 59.6 million people (1). Gauteng is the most densely populated province, and houses 26% of the population, followed by KwaZulu-Natal (19%), and the Western Cape (12%). About 29% of the population are <15 years old and 9% are ≥60 years. Approximately 13% of the population are seropositive for HIV. Life expectancy is estimated at 68.5 years for females and 62.5 years for males, whereas the infant mortality rate is 23.6 per 1000 live births. In 2019, the gross national income per capita was approximately $6040 (Atlas method, current US$), with 8% of the country’s gross domestic product spent on health care (2). Despite the transition to democracy in 1994, a high level of inequality remains, reflected in a Gini coefficient of 0.63 and an unemployment rate of 30% (2,3). This inequality is also reflected in a two-tiered health system. Access to a well-resourced private health care sector depends on the ability to pay for services, usually via medical insurance. Treatment for CKD is included in the set of “prescribed minimum benefits” that all registered medical insurance schemes in South Africa are obliged to provide for their members. The majority of South Africans (84%), however, are dependent on an under-resourced, government-funded, public health care sector. Public health care facilities use a sliding scale, where the fees charged are dependent on income. Indigent patients are able to access services free of charge (4). South Africa is faced with a high burden of infectious diseases (such as tuberculosis and HIV infection), noncommunicable diseases, maternal and childhood diseases, and injury-related diseases (5). These factors drive an epidemic of AKI and CKD. Two studies have estimated the population prevalence of CKD in South Africa. Adeniyi et al. (6) reported the …

Purpose : Strategic performance measurement and management (SPMM) as a subject has come over increased research radar over the last four or so decades. The so-called “performance measurement revolution” of the 1980s to 1990s concentrated on the private sector. “Business managerialism” and “accountingisation” kicked-in into the public sector with transplanting of hitherto private sector management techniques under New Public Management (NPM) and other administrative reform programmes by various governments internationally. Specifically, the 1990s saw the implementation of modern multi-dimensional SPMM systems originally in the private sector. Considering the nuanced nature of the public sector, the transfer of SPMM systems from the private to the public sector has not been straightforward due to technical, conceptual and behavioral factors. This paper contrasts the features of the private and public sectors and investigates the implication of the distinctive nature of the public sector on the application of SPMM in the public sector. This will augment our perceptions and comprehension of existing public sector SPMM theory and practice. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopted a systematic literature review (SLR), a mode of research which has been widely adopted and strongly justified for adoption in business and management research since the turn of the 21st century. The study conducted a content and thematic analysis on the commonalities and differences between private and public sectors and implication of the differences on public sector strategic performance measurement and management. The study itself covered 233 published and unpublished documents covering the seven decades to 2023 which to our knowledge constitutes the most comprehensive update on the public-private debate trends to date. Findings: The study thoroughly interrogated the literature perspectives or models on the commonalities and differences between the public and private sectors. The study then deep-dived into the underlying characteristics which differentiate the public and private sectors producing one of the most detailed side-by-side analyses of public-private differentiation based on organisational characteristics, dimension, or concept of all time. The systematic review further identified and derived several thematic areas related to public-private differences and went on to establish the implications of the public-private divergences from an SPMM perspective especially as it relates to the derivation and application of public sector performance measures. These findings are critical for both practitioners and academics as they explore the subject of transplanting private sector SPMM practices into the public sector which is another overripe area for research. The findings provide public managers with a comprehensive and critical cog in their management toolbox as they navigate the practical realities and difficulties of implementing SPMM in the public sector’s unique and complex environment. Research Limitations: The main challenge with conducting a comprehensive research of this magnitude relates mainly to the broad range of literature covered, the unwieldy and onerous analysis and lots of judgement calls which could impact bias and replicability. Practical Implications - This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the key features of the private and public sectors found in the literature and evaluates how they drive attendant management practices in the two sectors and specifically how the public sector’s distinctive nature impacts on the measures of performance. Originality/value - Studying the differences and how they impact the choice of public sector KPIs is crucial in attempting to address the myriad of challenges and potential hindrances to future institutionalisation of SPMM in contemporary PSOs. Exploring and understanding the differences and similarities between public and private sectors is a beneficial springboard to cultivate erudition, cross-pollination and facilitation of knowledge transfer between the two sectors of the contemporary global political economy. Keywords: Strategic, performance management, performance measurement, performance measures, key performance indicators, public-private differences DOI: 10.7176/PPAR/13-2-03 Publication date: March 31 st 2023

Cyber security has become a critical issue for organizations, especially in public and private sectors where sensitive information is stored and processed. This study aims to examine the impact of cyber security strategy on information systems effectiveness, through a comprehensive literature review. The primary outcome reveals a positive association between effective cybersecurity practices and the success of information systems, highlighting cybersecurity's management vital role in controlling and protecting information within organizations in the private and public sectors. Additionally, the research emphasizes the importance of using new tools and mechanisms to search the sources and causes of cyber threats and attacks and to abandon traditional mechanisms to identify them, perhaps those related to information systems and methods to manage and protect information systems and information within organizations. Key recommendations include that developing a strategy for cybersecurity is crucial for ensuring the resilience of an organization against cyber risks, and essential to protecting institutions' systems and users' data from theft and exposure to risks. This investigation enriches the academic dialogue on cyber security's strategic value and provides actionable insights for entities seeking to improve their systems and maintain the privacy of their data and information through reinforcement cybersecurity measures.

Global Standards for Postgraduate Training in General Pediatrics: The International Pediatric Community Considers a Vision

Opportunities and Challenges for Innovations in <scp>Q</scp>atar

The article examines the issue of regulatory regulation of cybersecurity policy in Canada, and also considers an assessment of the main stages of cyber law formation. It describes policy documents that aim to improve Canada's cybersecurity and develop directives that have a positive impact on the development of the national security system. It emphasizes the adoption of two National Cyber Security Strategies and highlights the importance of other legislative initiatives to protect the integrity of government systems, national critical assets, methods and forms of combating cybercrime and protecting Canadians in their daily use of information space. The focus is on Canada's international integration in the field of cybersecurity and cooperation in the field of national space protection with partner countries in modern conditions. The author concludes that the Canadian legislature and executive are responding quickly to information challenges and creating flexible legal legislation aimed at preventing future threats. After all, Canada was one of the first to develop a regulatory framework for cybersecurity, constantly improving legislative initiatives and allocating financial resources. Characterizing the specifics of the legal framework of Canadian cyber law, it should be noted that the authorities are making great efforts to change the law, modernize the powers of law enforcement agencies and ensure an order that prevents evasion of legal control over criminal activities online. The Canadian criteria for computer systems security are the basic standards of information security and are highly recognized by the international community. Internationally, Canada's cybersecurity is developed through the Five Eyes Alliance and is closely linked to US, UK, Australian and New Zealand policy priorities, providing access to intelligence from around the world and providing a high level of protection against cyber security. attacks. Canada has one of the world's best institutional systems for information policy, including the creation of a single information space, the functioning of e-government, free access to information, government regulation of the media, and most importantly clear regulation of all information relations and processes The positive experience is that the Canadian state has a long history of cooperation between the public and private sectors in the field of economic and national security. This joint cooperation is ensured through the mutual exchange of accurate and timely information on cyber threats, protection methods and other best practices.

BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Brazilian women. HER-2 targeted therapy improves overall survival in HER-2 overexpressing patients but immunohistochemistry testing for HER2 is not standardized in Brazil and is not available universally. In Brazil the health system includes a public and private sector. The aim of our study was to delineate the patterns of testing of HER-2 over time in Brazil in both of these settings and to determine if any disparities exist in testing and treatments received. METHODS Observational, retrospective study involving practice patterns of over 2000 cancer physicians in Brazil. We obtained de-identified data from a commercial database, which included 54,829 patients with breast cancer treated between 2012 and 2016. We analyzed the frequency of HER-2 testing, the percentage of positive results and the most common treatments used in the first line setting in both the private and public sector. The chi-squared test was used for proportions. RESULTS HER-2 testing was frequently performed in both the private and public sector (87% vs. 81%, p&amp;lt;0.0001. Between 2012 and 2016 most patients had HER-2 testing (88%, 73%, 79%, 90% and 88%, respectively) but coverage was not universal. The percentage of HER-2 positivity was 25%. The most common first line regimens used were docetaxel/trastuzumab, paclitaxel/trastuzumab and trastuzumab monotherapy. In the private sector trastuzumab/pertuzumab/docetaxel was the most commonly used regimen. In the public sector taxanes were frequently used as monotherapy without HER-2 targeted therapy. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge this is the largest dataset assessing HER-2 testing and treatment patterns in Brazil. The frequency of testing has remained stable over the last 5 years, but is higher in the private sector and this finding was highly statistically significant. There are also differences in the regimens used in the private vs. public sector. Pertuzumab was approved in 2013 in the US and its use has increased in Brazil over the last two years. This trend however was only seen in the private sector. In the public sector there is still significant use of chemotherapy without HER-2 directed therapy despite HER-2 overexpression, which is possibly related to the restricted access of anti-HER2 therapy in the public health system for metastatic patients. Taxanes are used widely in both the public and private sector, which is possibly related to the availability of generics. HER 2 Testing in the Public Sector20122013201420152016Tested4,2853,7114,5924,6884,126%92%76%80%94%91%Non Tested36211441134322428%8%24%20%6%9%Total4,6474,8555,7265,0104,554 HER 2 Testing in the Public Sector20122013201420152016Tested5,3913,9964,9175,2084,945%85%71%78%87%85%Non Tested9491,6611,367761842%15%29%22%13%15%Total6,3405,6576,2845,9695,787 Citation Format: Palacio S, Torres A, Prado E, Lopes G. Breast cancer in Brazil: HER-2 testing and treatment patterns [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2017 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2017 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-10-20.

Best practices, policy and innovations in the administration of healthcare in developing communities and countries. For administrators, academics, researchers and policy leaders. Includes peer reviewed research papers. Edited by Dr. Judith Shamian, President Emeritus, International Council of Nurses, Professor and Co-investigator with the Nursing Health Services Research Unit, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON

Those in the public sector in the United States are historically known to have more work absences than those in the private sector. While long attributed to various individual-level or organizational-level characteristics, there has not been an examination of the role that physical and mental health may play in impacting that difference. Using data gathered from the National Health Interview Study, descriptive statistics found that those in the public sector tend to be in worse physical health but better mental health than those in the private sector. While Poisson models found that health did not impact the likelihood of those in the public sector having more absences than those in the private sector, a Blinder-Oaxaca decompositional analysis found that the majority of the gap in absences across sectors can be attributed to the distribution of characteristics across the private and public sectors. These findings suggest that demographic and organizational differences across the public and private sectors, not simply health, are the main determinants of the gap in work absences across sectors.

Can Cyprus overcome its health-care challenges?

Norms are useful because they represent agreed or expected behaviors. This paper discusses how technical and policy norms, formulated by multistakeholder bodies, can be used to enhance the governance of cyberspace and contribute to achieve cyber stability, which represents an ideal state where “all actors are free to enjoy the benefits of cyberspace without fear.”

The encompassing trend of digitalisation and widespread dependencies on IT systems triggers adjustments also in the military forces. Besides necessary enhancements of IT security and defensive measures for cyberspace, a growing number of states are establishing offensive military capabilities for this domain. Looking at historical developments and transformations due to advancements in military technologies, the chapter discusses the political progress made and tools developed since. Both of these have contributed to handling challenges and confining threats to international security. With this background, the text assesses a possible application of these efforts to developments concerning cyberspace, as well as obstacles that need to be tackled for it to be successful. The chapter points out political advancements already in progress, the role of social initiatives, such as the cyber peace campaign of the Forum of Computer Scientists for Peace and Societal Responsibility (FifF), as well as potential consequences of the rising probability of cyber war as opposed to the prospects of cyber peace.

Following the liberalization of telecommunication markets in African States, and the increasing availability of wireless technologies and broadband capacity, the levels of Internet penetration and ICT access in Africa has continued to grow in a phenomenal manner since the beginning of the new millennium. Internet use statistics indicate that Africa’s Internet user population grew from about four and a half million people in 2000 to about 400 million people in December, 2017. However, widespread ICT access and Internet penetration in Africa has also raised concerns over the need to promote cybersecurity governance and cyber stability across the continent. This prompted the African Union to establish a regional cybersecurity treaty, known as the African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection, in June, 2014. The Convention imposes obligations on Member States to establish legal, policy and regulatory measures to promote cybersecurity governance and control cybercrime. This article analyzes the nature and scope of the cybersecurity governance obligations under the Convention and examines how the adoption of the Convention can promote cyber stability in the African region. In so doing, the paper also examines the challenges impeding the application of the Convention as a framework for promoting regional cyber stability in Africa. The paper identifies the slow pace of Member State ratification and the absence of effective regional coordination as some of the major reasons why the Convention has not been effectively applied as a framework for promoting regional cyber stability. Therefore, the paper makes a case for the establishment of a regional monitoring mechanism within the AU framework to improve the regional harmonization of cybersecurity governance frameworks, and harness the application of the Convention as a framework for promoting regional cyber stability.

Increasing espionage and technology-related crimes such as hacking have made cybersecurity a national priority in government and private sectors. Given the increasing vulnerabilities in cyber security and frequent attacks on personal information and the realization that data protection and management is a shared responsibility, public-private partnerships in cybersecurity have been considered a viable approach to mitigating cybersecurity threats. This study therefore focused on assessing the role of public-private sector partnerships in mitigating cybersecurity threats. The study adopted both primary and secondary data in data collection. 15 key informants, purposively sampled, will be involved in the study, and their findings will be corroborated by the already existing literature that assesses the role of public-private sector partnerships on cybersecurity. The research found that addressing cybersecurity threats is a collective and shared responsibility that requires the partnership of both the private and public sectors. The study established that critical cyber issues, including trust deficits, failure to standardize cyber policies and laws, and privacy concerns, among others, continue to hinder public-private partnerships on cybersecurity. The study also found that public-private partnerships present viable opportunities for information sharing, innovation, and the development of effective regulatory frameworks to limit cyberattacks. The research recommends the development of effective and efficient systems of data sharing, cyber security inter-agencies, and critical infrastructure protection. Other recommendations include conducting periodic joint audits and assessments, joint pooling of resources, joint training and sensitization on cyber security, establishment of a joint effective incident response and emergency management unit, strengthening frameworks and laws on cyber security, and lastly, further research is critical for cyber security.