In-Service Teachers’ Attitude Towards Inclusive Education in Pakistan

<em>The purpose of the study was to explore the work motivation among secondary school teachers. The table revealed that 23.67% secondary school teachers have low level of work motivation, 47% secondary school teachers have average level of work motivation and 29.33% secondary school teachers have high level of work motivation. 20% female teachers have low level of work motivation, 48% female teachers have average level of work motivation and 32% female secondary school teachers have high level of work motivation. Similarly 27.33% male secondary school teachers have low level of work motivation, 46% male secondary school teachers have average level of work motivation and 26.67% male secondary school teachers have high level of work motivation. 12% government secondary school teachers have low level of work motivation, 49.33% government secondary school teachers have average level of work motivation and 16% government secondary school teachers have high level of work motivation. Similarly 35.33% private secondary school teachers have low level of work motivation, 44.67% private secondary school teachers have average level of work motivation and 20% private secondary school teachers have high level of work motivation. There was no significant difference in the work motivation of male and female secondary school teachers. There was significant difference in the work motivation of government and private secondary school teachers.</em>

<em>The purpose of the study was to explore the work motivation among secondary school teachers. The table revealed that 23.67% secondary school teachers have low level of work motivation, 47% secondary school teachers have average level of work motivation and 29.33% secondary school teachers have high level of work motivation. 20% female teachers have low level of work motivation, 48% female teachers have average level of work motivation and 32% female secondary school teachers have high level of work motivation. Similarly 27.33% male secondary school teachers have low level of work motivation, 46% male secondary school teachers have average level of work motivation and 26.67% male secondary school teachers have high level of work motivation. 12% government secondary school teachers have low level of work motivation, 49.33% government secondary school teachers have average level of work motivation and 16% government secondary school teachers have high level of work motivation. Similarly 35.33% private secondary school teachers have low level of work motivation, 44.67% private secondary school teachers have average level of work motivation and 20% private secondary school teachers have high level of work motivation. There was no significant difference in the work motivation of male and female secondary school teachers. There was significant difference in the work motivation of government and private secondary school teachers.</em>

The quantitative study was intended to compare the responses of female secondary school teachers with the responses of girl’s secondary school students regarding teacher as a facilitator towards reducing anxiety of secondary school students. The deductive research study was focused on research question; is there a significant difference among the responses of secondary teachers and students regarding the role of teachers in reducing anxiety. Aimed at this purpose all Secondary schoolgirls and female Secondary School Teachers (SSTs) of grade 9th and grade 10th in District Swabi were designated as the population of the study. The sample size of (164) female Secondary school teachers and girls students of class 9th and 10th were selected through convenient sampling technique by using Yamane Formula. Two Distinct questionnaires for the purpose of collecting data from female secondary teachers and Secondary schoolgirl’s were developed for the purpose of data collection. Research data were collected and analyzed by the help of SPSS 21. The data were analyzed by Mean, Standard Deviation as well as t-test was applied for the comparison. Results showed significant of difference between the responses of female secondary school teachers with the responses of girl’s students. Female teachers were more agreed with the statements that they help out the students in reducing anxiety as compare to the responses of girl’s secondary school student. It was recommended that professional development courses should be enriched related to reducing students’ anxiety.

IntroductionCervical cancer is the most common gynecological cancer and a leading cause of cancer death in women in Nigeria. This study was aimed to assess the knowledge, perception, and practice of cervical cancer prevention among female public secondary school teachers in Mushin, Lagos.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study carried out among female secondary school teachers in Mushin, Lagos. The participants were selected by a two-stage random sampling method and relevant data were collected with the use a self-administered questionnaire. Data entry and analysis were done using Epi-info version 7.2 statistical software and descriptive statistics were computed for all data.ResultsThe knowledge of cervical cancer and its prevention was 100.0% among the respondents. The most commonly known method of cervical cancer screening identified by the respondents was Papanicolaou smear (91.4%). More than half of the women (67.0%) have had at least one cervical cancer screening done previously. Only 2.2% of the respondents have had HPV vaccine given to their female teenage children in the past despite the acceptance rate for HPV vaccination being 76.2%.ConclusionThis study, unlike most previous studies in other regions of Nigeria and most part of sub-Saharan Africa, has demonstrated a relatively high level of awareness about cervical cancer, its cause, risk factors and prevention. However, conversely, the absence of a national health programme means that screening and vaccination centers are not available, accessible or affordable.

The aim of the research is to identify the degree of availability of e-learning skills for male and female geography teachers in secondary schools in the center of Anbar Governorate from their point of view. 50) schools, and the researcher relied on the study of: (Hanawi and Rawan, 2019), and (Suhail and Mutasem, 2014) to prepare a research tool and it consisted in its final form of (25) paragraphs, with quintuple alternatives, and the appropriate statistical means were used, namely: arithmetic mean and deviation The standard and t-test for two independent samples, the researcher concluded that the degree of availability of e-learning skills for teachers of geography in secondary schools from their point of view was (high), and there is no difference for the gender variable (teachers) in the degree of availability of e-learning skills, and there is a difference Between male and female teachers in the degree of availability of e-learning skills according to the academic achievement variable (bachelor-graduate studies) and in favor of higher studies, and in light of the research result, the researcher recommended the necessity of training geography teachers and female teachers in secondary schools on the skills of e-learning. e-learning.

Teachers possess the most important and critical position in the entire education system. Successful and effective teaching learning process depends upon the quality of a teacher. The purpose of this research study was to identify the problems which affect the performance of secondary school teachers. The objectives of the study were: (a) to identify the problems faced by male and female secondary school teachers in District Karak (b) to make workable recommendations to enhance the performance of male and female secondary school teachers. All the male and female secondary school teachers in District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) constituted the population of the study. The study was delimited to only 60 female and 80 male Govt. High Schools. In order to ensure adequate representation of the population, only 120 female and 160 male secondary school teachers were selected as sample randomly. The study was descriptive type and the researchers designed a questionnaire on five likert rating scale for the collection of data. Pilot testing was conducted to remove the misconceptions, ambiguities and weakness of the questions in the questionnaire. After pilot testing the questionnaire was revised and its final version was prepared in the light of suggestions given by the experts. In order to collect data, the researchers personally visited to the respective participants and distributed questionnaires among them and data was collected. Then it was organized, tabulated and analyzed. For the statisitcal analysis of the data, the percentage, means, standard deviations, and differences of means were computed for each male and female SSTs. Significance of difference between the mean opinions of both the male and females SSTs were tested at 0.05 level by applying t-test. After statistical analysis of the data, the researchers arrived at the conclusions that there are various problems which negatively affect the performance of secondary school teachers. These problems are: unattractive pay package; lack of basic facilities; overcrowded classes; misbehaviors of students; financial crises of teachers; overwork load; long distance to school; autocratic environment inside school etc. In the light of the findings and conclusions, it is recommended that teachers should be given attractive salaries and pay scale. Educational facilities should be provided to them. Heads of the institutions should be democratic minded and adopted the principles of equality. KEYWORDS: Identification, problems, secondary school teachers, secondary school level

Mental health is a major component of overall health and is considered a contributor to the significant levels of disability in Saudi Arabia. Levels of mental health knowledge and awareness, particularly in the school setting, require investigation. The purpose of this study was therefore to explore the levels of mental health knowledge among secondary school female teachers, their readiness to support the mental health needs of their students, and the perceived barriers to supporting mental health. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 35 female secondary public schools in Riyadh between July and September 2019. A modified Knowledge, Barriers and Perceived Readiness Survey was distributed to female secondary school teachers. The primary outcomes were levels of knowledge, perceived barriers, and perceived readiness. Among the 431 participants who completed the survey, 84% were teachers of direct involvement with the students. Overall, participants showed poor knowledge, perceived their barriers as higher, and demonstrated poor readiness, as indicated by the percentage who scored below a 75th percentile cut-off point (74%, 64%, and 69%, respectively). The southern region of the city had lower levels of readiness (OR 3.34; 95% CI 1.547–7.447) compared to the eastern area of Riyadh. Our findings demonstrate that female secondary public school teachers and staff in Riyadh have low levels of mental health knowledge and readiness and perceive barriers with regard to mental health support and services. Focused awareness programs and campaigns, particularly in the eastern part of the city, may therefore be beneficial. Further implications are discussed.

The present study attempts to compare teacher effectiveness, general intelligence and creativity of secondary school teachers in relation to gender and type of school. The sample for the study consisted of 850 secondary school teachers of Punjab. The findings of the study revealed that there is no significant difference in teacher effectiveness of male and female secondary school teachers. The significant main effect of type of school is independent of gender groups, i.e. government school teachers are effective both in case of male and female groups of school teachers. There is significant difference in general intelligence of male and female secondary school teachers, female teachers being more intelligent as compared to male teachers, both in case of government and private schools. The results also show that male teachers of private secondary schools are more creative than female teachers of private secondary schools but not in case of government secondary schools. Government school teachers are significantly high on creativity than private school teachers only in case of female group and not in case of male teachers. Teacher effectiveness is positively and significantly related with general intelligence and creativity among secondary school teachers.

The research was conducted to make the comparative study of male and female secondary school teachers with respect to their teaching competence, self esteem, sense of humour and classroom climate. Quantitative approach was used in the study. Survey method was used for data collection. 900 teachers from government as well as private senior secondary schools have been selected. Data were collected through questionnaire. The study reveals that with respect to teaching competence and sense of humour the female teachers performed more homogeneously as compared to their male counterpart. But the mean score of teaching competence of male and female secondary school teachers differ significantly where as the mean score of sense of humour of male and female secondary school teachers do not differ significantly (at 0.01 level of confidence).

In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to study and compare the Professional Commitment of secondary school teachers, to study and compare the Self-efficacy of secondary school teachers and to find out the relationship between Professional Commitment and Self-efficacy of secondary school teachers. A sample of 100 teacher educators working in government schools of district Ganderbal was selected through Purposive sampling technique. Professional Commitment Scale for teacher educators by Sood (2011) and Teacher Self-efficacy scale by Ralf Schwarzer, Gerdamarie S.Schmitz and Gary T. Dayter (1999) were used for data collection. Mean, SD and t-test were used to compare the professional commitment of male and female secondary school teachers and to compare self-efficacy of male and female secondary school teachers. Pearson’s correlation was applied to find out the relationship between Professional Commitment and Self-efficacy of secondary school teachers. The findings of the study revealed that female secondary school teachers have higher professional commitment as compare as to male secondary school teachers. No significant difference was found in the Self-efficacy of secondary school teachers and significant positive correlation was found between Professional Commitment and Self-efficacy of secondary school teachers.

The objective of the study was to assess female secondary school teachers’ knowledge and attitude of breast self examination (BSE) and to describe the extent of practice of breast self examination among them. This study employed a descriptive design and data was collected with the aid of validated semi structured questionnaire from 100 female teachers in all the five secondary schools in Oko, Oyo State, and analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The result showed that 82% of the respondents were aware of breast self examination practices and their source of this information was from mass media (55%) and friends (25%). Fifty-four respondents had poor knowledge of BSE and 48% had negative attitude towards practice of BSE and majority (62%) had a low practice. The study however, revealed that majority of the respondents who practice BSE do not know what to look for. The results further showed that, there is no significant relationship between age of the respondents and their awareness (X2 = 8.322; p = 0.0800; df = 4) and knowledge (X2 = 14.501; p = 0.264 and df = 8) of breast self examination. This study concluded that there is poor knowledge and attitude towards BSE practice among the secondary school teachers in Oko community and with unsatisfactory practice. It therefore, suggests that breast awareness campaign and self efficacy development is important for teachers in secondary schools to aid early detection and better prognosis of breast cancer in this community, and this will have a multiplier effect on female secondary school girls.

BackgroundPositive feelings about one’s work are referred to as job satisfaction. On the other hand, a bad attitude regarding one's employment is job discontent. In mainstream research, studies on work satisfaction are commonplace. There have been thousands of research done all around the world. Teachers at secondary schools in Pakistan are taking the lead in conducting research on work satisfaction, despite the fact that this field is still underutilized.Aim and objectivesThe current study’s goal was to find out how satisfied male and female instructors were with their jobs in Bahawalpur, Pakistan’s private and public secondary schools. Teachers employed at Pakistan’s public and private schools in Bahawalpur were the study’s targeted demographic, which was chosen for this cross-sectional quantitative investigation. Random sampling was used in the selection of the research sample.MethodThere were five hundred male and female secondary school teachers in the final sample. The survey was self-administered using a 36-item structured questionnaire by good docs. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in the data analysis to examine the collected information. The participants were categorized based on their age, gender, experience, qualifications, and type of institution (public vs. private) in order to determine the difference in work satisfactions using one-way ANOVA and an independent sample t-test.FindingsThe findings showed that compared to male instructors, female teachers had higher levels of satisfaction. ConclusionThe research investigated that different public and private school teachers' work satisfactions are based on factors including age, experience, and qualifications.LimitationsThe research findings may not be applicable to other school districts and a sizable population living in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. The author selected a broad sample of teachers (male/female) from public and private schools.Managerial implicationsThe current study was to characterize the elements that lead to teacher satisfaction and discontent among secondary school instructors in Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

Background and Purpose: Workplace stress is a common phenomenon that militates against the productivity of teachers. Thus, this study investigated the factors responsible for workplace stress among female teachers in Oyo metropolis, Oyo State, Nigeria.
 
 Methodology: Descriptive survey method was adopted. A total of 200 female secondary school teachers in Oyo metropolis represented the sample for the study. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The instrument was validated by experts in counselling and social work and possessed a reliability coefficient of 0.82 after being subjected to test re-test. Data were analyzed using percentage, t-test and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 0.05 level of significance.
 
 Findings: Findings revealed that the factors responsible for workplace stress among female secondary school teachers in Oyo metropolis include poor work environment, lack of job security, indiscipline among students, irregular payment of salary among others. Significant differences were found based on school type, educational qualification, teaching experience and marital status.
 
 Contributions: Workplace stress among female teachers in Oyo metropolis is negatively associated with ill-health. Poor work environment, lack of job security, indiscipline among students, and irregular payment of salary among others on the scale of measurement except under promotion with a mean score below 2.50 benchmark. It is recommended that counsellors should be mandated to counsel the female teachers in Oyo metropolis on how to cope with workplace stress.
 
 Keywords: Factors, Female Teachers, Oyo Metropolis, Stress, Workplace Stress.
 
 Cite as: Adegboyega, L. O., Okafor, I. P., & Salihu, H. A. (2021). Factors of workplace stress among female secondary school teachers in Oyo metropolis, Oyo state, Nigeria. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 6(2), 185-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol6iss2pp185-201

Determining the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of secondary school teachers and its relationship with various factors will provide a basis for improving their quality of life and benefit society. To this end, this article endeavors to determine the factors associated with HRQoL among female secondary school teachers in Selangor, Malaysia. This was a cross-sectional study of 888 female secondary school teachers in Selangor, Malaysia. We used a self-reported questionnaire to collect data, and linear regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated between physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) of HRQoL. Age, body mass index (BMI), symptoms of depression and anxiety, and reporting low back pain were significantly associated with PCS. Meanwhile, age, symptoms of depression, and resilience level were significantly associated with MCS. These findings will benefit workplaces in planning strategies and initiatives to improve HRQoL among female secondary school teachers in Malaysia.

This study aimed to investigate the attitude of the teacher’s towards inclusive education as the attitude of teachers or executors has a significant impact on the successful implementation of inclusive education. The population of the study comprised all pre-service and in-service teachers of the Gaya district of Bihar. Out of this population, a sample of 108 pre-service & in-service teachers (associated with primary and secondary school) were selected through quota sampling technique from 11 institutions (belonging to the government and private management system). We wish to discover teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education among their different demographic variables i.e. Mode of service, Gender, Locality. An attitude of teachers towards Inclusive Education questionnaire, was used for data collection. Collected data were statistically analyzed by using Frequency counts, Mean, Standard Deviation (SD), Standard Error of Mean and ` t ` test. Among the total participants n= 108, 48.14% were pre-service teachers & 53.33% were in-service teachers, 50% teachers associated with the urban area & other 50% teachers living in rural areas, 48.14% were female & 53.33% were male. The result shows that attitude of teachers towards inclusive education was moderate to a favorable level. Pre-service and urban teachers had a more positive/favorable attitude towards inclusive education than the attitude of In-service and rural teachers, respectively. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the attitude of male and female teachers towards inclusive education.