Inovasi Sunscreen Stick Berbasis Ekstrak Kulit Kayu Bangkal (Nauclea subdita (Korth.) Steud.) sebagai Tabir Surya

Ultraviolet rays that have the most influence on skin health are ultraviolet B radiation because they have the strongest effect in causing photodamage to the skin. One way to minimize skin damage from ultraviolet exposure is the need for antioxidant compounds. Ipomoea batatas leaves have potential as antioxidant agents because their phytochemical components are higher than the tuber, contain secondary metabolites of flavonoids, phenolics, saponins and alkaloids. This study aims to determine the ethanolic extract of Ipomoea batatas leaf can be formulated in a cream dosage form that meets the requirements and to determine the difference in the concentration of ethanolic extract of Ipomoea batatas leaf can affect the value of the sun protection factor as a sunscreen. Extracted by maceration of 70% ethanol which was formulated in the form of sunscreen with an extract concentration of 2% (F1), 4% (F2) and 6% (F3) and followed by an in-line SPF test using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results of this study indicate that the preparation meets the requirements of organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, dispersibility, adhesion and viscosity during a storage period of 28 days and the measurement results of the preparation with a concentration of 500 ppm at a wavelength of 290-320 nm for each formula. SPF values were obtained at F1 4.4 (moderate protection), F2 5.5 (medium protection) and F3 7.6 (extra protection). This research can be said that the ethanolic extract of purple sweet potato leaves can be formulated in the form of cream preparations and cream preparations at F1, F2 and F3 meet the requirements of a good cream.

Background: High exposure to sunlight has adverse effects on the skin. Lime peel contains more than 60% flavonoids, presenting the potential to function as a sunscreen due to the presence of conjugated aromatic benzene groups, capable of absorbing UV-A or UV-B rays from the sun. To prevent skin damage, lime peel extract is formulated into a spray gel, as it has the ability to dry rapidly, enhancing overall comfort for consumers during application. Objective: To determine the influence of variation concentration of lime peel extract in the sunscreen spray gel on its physical properties and in vitro SPF value. Methods: Lime peel crude extract was obtained using 70% ethanol and formulated into a sunscreen spray gel at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The spray gel formulation was evaluated for its physical quality and SPF value. Results: The variation in extract concentration has a statistically significant effect on the physical properties of the preparation and SPF values (P<0.05). The physical stability conditions in each formula (F1, F2, and F3) meet the requirements of the spray gel preparation in terms of pH, viscosity, spreading test, drying time test, and adhesion test. The spray gel preparations F1 (5%), F2 (10%), F3 (15%) each have SPF values of 20, 25, and 35 respectively. Conclusion: The spray gel formulations in F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (15%) are physically stable and have moderate to high SPF values, with F3 (15%) having the highest SPF value of 35.

The leaf part of the soursop plant (Annona muricata L.) contains phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids and tannins, which have sunscreen potential due to the presence of chromophore groups. These groups have conjugated double bonds capable of absorbing ultraviolet rays, thus reducing their intensity on the skin. This study aims to formulate sunscreen body butter preparations from soursop leaf extract with good stability and to determine the effect of varying concentrations of soursop leaf extract on the SPF value of the preparations. Soursop leaf ethanol extract was obtained by maceration with 70% ethanol. Body butter was formulated due to its efficacy in preserving skin hydration, improving softness, and protecting against environmental stressors. SPF value measurements were conducted using spectrophotometric methods. The evaluation results of sunscreen body butter from formulas 1, 2, and 3 were sequentially light green, strong green, and dark green in color; with a typical weak extract odor, homogeneous, pH 7, and a spreadability of 6 - 6.5 cm. Stability testing with a cycling test showed that all three preparation formulas were stable. The SPF values of sunscreen body butter containing ethanol extract of soursop leaves for F1 extract 1% were 7.07, categorized as extra protection; F2 extract 2% was 10.51, categorized as maximum protection; and F3 extract 3% was categorized as ultra protection. The higher the concentration of extract in the preparation, the higher the SPF value it possesses

The ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract of roselle flower petals (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) was reported to have an SPF value of 13.83 ± 1.50 which was higher than the ethanol extract. So with the SPF value, the ethyl acetate fraction of roselle flower ethanol extract can be used as a sunscreen. One of the cosmetic preparations that is currently growing rapidly is serum. The purpose of this study was to formulate the ethyl acetate fraction of roselle petals into a serum that had good physical quality with variations in the concentration of xanthan gum and then the SPF value was determined. This research begins with the manufacture of ethanol extract of roselle petals. Then fractionation (liquid-liquid partition) was carried out using solvents with different polarities, namely n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction was formulated into serum with variations in the concentration of xanthan gum 0.3%, respectively; 0.6% and 1.2% were then tested for physical quality and stability. The next step is to determine the SPF value of the serum by using the UV spectrophotometric method and its calculation using the Mansur equation. The results showed that the serum ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanolic extract of roselle petals could be made into gel preparations with good physical qualities including organoleptic, viscosity, pH and homogeneity. Serum ethyl acetate fraction ethanol extract of roselle flower formulas 1, 2 and 3 had SPF values F1 respectively, namely 6.8595 ± 0.08 which included moderate protection potential; F2 is 7.0089 ± 0.17; and F3 which is 8.2251 ± 0.32 with extra protection potential. Variations in the concentration of xanthan gum in the serum formula affect the physical quality of the viscosity and potency of sunscreen preparations..

Excessive sunlight can have a negative impact on skin health, but the bad effects of sunlight can be overcome by using sunscreen preparations. One of the natural ingredients that can be used in the manufacture of lotion sunscreenisleaf Meistera chinensis. Meistera chinensis is a plant that belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. Previous research has stated that Zingiberaceae species such as Etlingera elatior (torch ginger) have one of the functions as antioxidants. This study aims to formulateleaves Meistera chinensis as sunscreen and determine the SPF value obtained. Leaf extract was Meistera chinensis extracted using maceration method using methanol as solvent. Physical evaluation tests, stability tests, and sunscreen activity were carried out at three concentrations, namely 1% (F1), 3% (F2) and 5% (F3) concentrations. The three formulations are pale green, green, and dark green in color, have a melon flavor and have a liquid and semi-solid texture, are homogeneous with an oil-in-water (W/A) emulsion type and meet the pH requirements of 6 and 7. The stability test results show that the three formulas do not stable because it is not homogeneous and there is a change in aroma after the cycling test. The SPF value increased along with the increase in extract concentration, namely 7.46 (extra protection), 14.12 (maximum protection), and 19.06 (ultra protection).
 Keywords: Extract, Leaf Meistera chinensis, Lotion, Sunscreen, SPF
 

Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) are herbal plants which are known to have a high content of secondary metabolite compounds as a source of natural antioxidants which are able to inhibit free radical compounds in the body and convert these free radical compounds into non-radical compounds. The greater the free radical scavenger activity in the product, the better the SPF value will be. However, the use of the extract as an active substance in cosmetic dosage forms has a low pharmaceutical elegance, so the extract is formulated using the SNEDDS (Self Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System) technique. Nanoemulsion able to increase the solubility of natural ingredients by eliminating variability in absorption, permeability, and the bioavailability of drugs or bioactive compounds from natural ingredient extracts by maximizing drug penetration into the body and minimizing side effects. The aim of this research is to characterize a nanoemulsion preparation from a combination of sungkai leaves extract and cinnamon in order to obtain the optimal formula for a nanoemulsion preparation as an antioxidant product and skin protection factor agent. This research began with making extracts using the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent, followed by making nanoemulsions using the spontaneous method. The extract concentration used was 200 mg. Observation of physical properties includes centrifugation test, organoleptic test, percent transmittance, solubility, pH, emulsion type, particle size, polydispersity index, antioxidant activity, SPF value of nanoemulsion preparation and irritation test. Analysis was carried out based on descriptive test parameters. Based on the research results, nanoemulsion preparations were made with Tween 80 surfactant, PEG 400 cosurfactant, VCO oil phase, and aqua deion water phase. So that the optimum formula nanoemulsion preparation (F1) was obtained with an active substance concentration of 100 mg sungkai extract and 100 mg cinnamon extract that met the requirements as a transparent, stable, visual nanoemulsion preparation product, with a transmittance value of 98%, a skin pH range of 6.14, having emulsion type (o/w) with a nanoemulsion particle size of 35.0 nm, PI of 0.479 and has a very strong IC50 antioxidant activity of 20.29 ppm with an SPF value of 7.4 in extra protection.

Pineapple weevil waste is a residual part of the pineapple flesh which is usually thrown away and not used because of its hard inside. Sunscreen is a skin care product that serves to protect the skin from the dangers of the sun's rays. The purpose of this study was to identify the activity of gel and lotion sunscreens from pineapple weevil extract. This research method is pineapple weevil extract formulated into gel and lotion preparations, evaluation of the physical quality of preparations including organolepticality, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, dispersion, and adhesion as well as determination of spf values of gel and lotion preparations using UV spectrophotometry. The results of the study were obtained organoleptis gel preparations have a yellow color, gel shape, homogeneous, pH 7-7.6, viscosity 4340-5650 Cpoises, spreading power 6.6-7cm, adhesion -7-4.46 seconds. While the lotion preparation has a yellow color, lotion shape, homogeneous, pH 7.3, viscosity 1530 Cpoises, spreading power 7cm, adhesion 4.06 seconds. The SPF value obtained by the pineapple weevil sunscreen gel, which is 30.15, included in the ultra protection. Meanwhile, pineapple weevil sunscreen lotion, which is 42.23, included in the ultra protection. Overall, the pineapple weevil gel and lotion have good physical quality and have the efficacy of being a sunscreen.
 Pineapple weevil waste is a residual part of the pineapple flesh which is usually thrown away and not used because of its hard inside. Sunscreen is a skin care product that serves to protect the skin from the dangers of the sun's rays. The purpose of this study was to identify the activity of gel and lotion sunscreens from pineapple weevil extract. This research method is pineapple weevil extract formulated into gel and lotion preparations, evaluation of the physical quality of preparations including organolepticality, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, dispersion, and adhesion as well as determination of spf values of gel and lotion preparations using UV spectrophotometry. The results of the study were obtained organoleptis gel preparations have a yellow color, gel shape, homogeneous, pH 7-7.6, viscosity 4340-5650 Cpoises, spreading power 6.6-7cm, adhesion -7-4.46 seconds. While the lotion preparation has a yellow color, lotion shape, homogeneous, pH 7.3, viscosity 1530 Cpoises, spreading power 7cm, adhesion 4.06 seconds. The SPF value obtained by the pineapple weevil sunscreen gel, which is 30.15, included in the ultra protection. Meanwhile, pineapple weevil sunscreen lotion, which is 42.23, included in the ultra protection. Overall, the pineapple weevil gel and lotion have good physical quality and have the efficacy of being a sunscreen.

This cinnamon bark contains cinnamaldehyde, which is a secondary metabolite compound derived from aldehydes, including the polyphenolic group, which activity as a sunscreen and antioxidant by absorbing UV rays, so it can protect the skin from direct sun exposure (sunscreen). The study aimed to determine whether there was an effect of the concentration of the ethanol extract of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii Ness. BI, Syn) on the physical characteristics and SPF value of spray gel preparations and to determine the concentration of the ethanol extract of cinnamon bark that produced spray gel with physical characteristics and SPF value. best. The study was conducted by extracting cinnamon bark by the maceration method using 96 % ethanol for 3 days. The extract obtained was then subjected to phytochemical screening TLC and then applied to a spray gel preparation with concentrations of FI (10 %), FII (15 %), and FIII (20 %), followed by testing the activity of sunscreen using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The results of phytochemical screening and TLC on the ethanol extract of cinnamon bark showed positive results for containing flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and antioxidants. The statistical test results showed that there was a difference with a sig value of 0.05. It was concluded that the ethanol extract of cinnamon bark affected pH, viscosity, spreadability, stickiness, drying time, and SPF value. The formula that gave the best physical characteristics and SPF value was found in the concentration of sunscreen spray gel: the ethanol extract of cinnamon bark with a concentration of FIII (20 %).

Now, it has starting the concept of re-using the natural materials to overcome and prevent disease (back to nature), one of those materials is the active ingredients from sunscreens. Basil leaves are used as samples in this study, because there are compounds in basil leaves (Phenolic, especially flavonoids and tannins) that presumed have an effect as a sunscreen, because it has a chromophore group which capable to absorb both UV rays, UV A and UV B. This study intends to determine the value of SPF from the cream of sunscreen preparation. The value of SPF is determined by using the method which developed by Mansur. The cream is made with a concentration of 0.03% (Formula I), 0.06% (Formula II), and 0.12% (Formula III). The results has shown that the Formula I with a 0.03% extract concentration has 5.21 SPF value; Formula II with a 0.06% extract concentration has 5.94 SPF value. Both of these formulas has been put into the mild level from category of sunscreen ability and formula III with a 0.12% extract concentration has 8.97 SPF value has been put into the maximal level from category of sunscreen ability.

Background: Indonesia is an equatorial country that is rich in sunlight all year. UV light is divided into three wavelength groups: UV-A (320-400nm), UV-B (280-320nm), and UV-C (100-290nm). Intracell chromophores in skin cell membranes such as riboflavin, porphyrin, nicotinamide, and enzymes will absorb the UV-A light. The UV-B light penetrates the dermis layer and causes DNA structure changes, which lead to wrinkles and a rising risk of skin cancer. Premature skin aging and skin cancer can be prevented with sunscreen preparation containing compounds that can protect the skin from UV radiation. Flavonoid is one of the purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) active metabolites that have the potency to be developed as sunscreen. Objective: This research aimed to determine the ability of purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) magenta flower variety herbs extract cream as a sunscreen as indicated by the %Te, %Tp, and Sun Protective Factor value. Methods: This research was an experimental study with various purslane magenta flower variety herbs extract cream formulas that were tested for their %Te, %Tp, and SPF value with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results: The sunscreen cream preparation with 2.5% of purslane (Portulaca grandiflora) magenta flower variety herb extract had %Te, %Tp, and SPF values of 25.86 ± 2.41%, 36.05 ± 2.82%, and 3.97 ± 0.35 respectively. At the same time, preparations with 5% concentration of extract had %Te, %Tp, and SPF values of 8.23 ± 0.86%, 16.65 ± 0.92%, and 8.03 ± 0.38, respectively. Conclusion: The sunscreen activity of all extract concentration creams was significantly different compared to the negative control (cream base) in all parameters. Flavonoids are the compounds responsible for the sunscreen activity of purslane extract.

The red rose is a plant that has activity as a sunscreen preparation because of its anthocyanin content. Anthocyanins are pigments that give a red color and have sunblock activity against UVA and UVB as well as antioxidant effects. The purpose of this research was to formulate the ethanol extract of red roses to become a sunscreen lotion that has a good sunscreen effect. As the object of research, 3 types of treatment were carried out with different concentrations, F1 (2.5%), F2 (5%), and F3 (10%). Testing the physical properties of sunscreen lotion preparations included organoleptic, viscosity, pH, and SPF value tests. The results of organoleptical tests show F1 had a slightly viscous shape, a weak smell of rose and brownish yellow, F2 had a thick shape, weak rose aroma, and brownish yellow color, and F3 was very thick, strong rose and dark brown in color. The results of the viscosity test obtained an average of F1, F2, and F3 of 20 dPa.S; 30 dPa.S and 35 dPa.S. The results of pH testing obtained an average of F1, F2, F3 4; 4 and 4. The SPF value increases the rose extract concentration which also increases the SPF values produced by F1, F2, and F3, namely 17.3 (ultra protection), 18.3 (ultra protection), and 23.6 (ultra protection). Based on this study, variations in the concentration of the ethanol extract of red rose (Rosa hybrida Hort.) affected the physical properties of viscosity and did not affect variations in the concentration of the ethanol extract of red roses (Rosa hybrida Hort.) on the physical properties of pH test and SPF value. Keywords: Red Rose; Lotion; Sunblock; SPF

Chronic exposure to ultraviolet rays from the sun might result in oxidative stress, changes in the structure and composition of the skin. Sunscreen preparations are recommended to be used to prevent or minimize the harmful effects of UV rays on the skin. Sunscreen can be obtained from natural ingredients, one of which is the flower of cherry ( Muntingia calabura L.). This study aims to identify the content of flavonoids and test the sunscreen activity of the ethanol extract of cherry flower ( Muntingia calabura L.) in vitro using the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method based on the SPF value. Flavonoids are claimed to be capable to blocking ultraviolet (UV) light-induced radicals that have a protective effect against UV radiation, where the SPF value is a universal measure that describes the potency of a UV defense material. The findings of this study showed that the ethanol extract of cherry flowers positively contained flavonoid compounds including the flavonol, flavanone, and anthocyanidin groups. The results of the sunscreen activity test showed that the ethanol extract of cherry flowers had sunscreen activity at a concentration of 0.01% with an SPF value of 10.9 (moderate SPF), 0.05% with an SPF value of 41.6 (high SPF), 0,15% with an SPF value of 45.5 (high SPF). and 0.25% with an SPF value of 48.7 (high SPF). The higher the extract concentration, the higher the SPF value indicating the greater the activity as sunscreen.

Red pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) contains phenolic compounds of elagic acid as antioxidants and flavonoids and tannins as sunscreens in protecting the skin against ultra violet radiation. The aim of this study was to determine the sunscreen and antioxidant activity of red pomegranate peel extract, also the formation of its stable sunscreen lotion and to determine its SPF and antioxidant activity. Red pomegranate peel was macerated with 70% ethanol and concentrated. Antioxidant activity testing using FRAP method and determination of SPF value, spectrophotometric method was used along with Mansur equation. Lotion formulation was done by adding red pomegranate peel extract as much as 0.06% (F1); 0.12% and 0.24% (F2). The lotion preparation was evaluated for physical and chemical parameters including organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity and flow properties, lotion type, pH, spreadability, determination of SPF value and stability test using freeze and thaw method. The results showed the IC50 value of red pomegranate peel extract was 12.42 ± 0.01 bpj and the value of sunscreen activity at a concentration of 400 bpj gave an SPF value of 25.91 ± 0.01. The result of testing the physical properties showed that the lotion type was o/w, viscosity ranges from 10400 to 12000 cPs, pH test from 7.25 to 7.60, spreading power from 6.31 to 6.42 cm. The lotion was stable as there was no phase separation observed after centrifugation, freeze-thaw and thermal stress tests. For the lotion of red pomegranate peel extract showed antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 98.73 bpj (F1); 68.89 bpj (F2); 48.30 bpj (F3) and sunscreen values of 13.11 ± 0.02 (F1); 20.78 ± 0.02; 24.78 ± 0.04. It can be concluded that red pomegranate peel extract has very strong antioxidant activity and sunscreen activity with moderate protection, and can be formulated into lotion preparations with good quality parameters.

Sunscreen is a material that can absorb or reflect ultraviolet (UV) radiation to protect the skin from the negative impact. Sunscreen derived from synthetic compounds can cause long-term toxic side effects, so natural materials can be a safer alternative to sunscreen. Basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.), and jicama tubers (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) have sunscreen activity because they contain flavonoids that absorb UV. This study aims to compare the sunscreen activity of basil leaf extract cream with jicama tuber starch cream and determine the concentration of basil leaf extract or jicama tuber starch with the highest SPF value. Basil leaves were extracted by maceration using ethanol solvents, while jicama tubers were made into starch powder. Basil extract and jicama starch were formulated into a cream preparation. Then, an evaluation of the preparation was carried out. The SPF value was determined in vitro using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer instrument at a wavelength of 290 to 320 nm. The results of the evaluation of the cream preparation meet the requirements for the entire test. The results of measuring the SPF value of basil leaf extract sunscreen cream with concentrations of 15%, 20%, and 25% were 9.40 (maximum), 10.66 (maximum), and 15.41 (ultra). The results of measuring the SPF value of jicama tuber starch sunscreen cream with concentrations of 15%, 20%, and 25% were <2, so it is ineffective as a sunscreen. Basil leaf extract sunscreen cream with a concentration of 25% showed the best SPF value with an ultra sunscreen ability level.

Acne is skin disease caused due to a blockage of the oil gland channel and infection by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Ethanol extract of 70% basil leaves has been known to be potent as antibacterial to Propionibacterium acnes. This study aims to determine the physical quality of gel preparation and antibacterial activity analysis of gel ethanol extract preparation of 70% basil leaves (Ocimum americanum L.) to Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. In this research, ethanol extract 70% of basil leaf is formulated into gel preparation form with various concentration of extract that is 45%, 55%, and 55% then in physical quality test include: organoleptic test, pH, spreading, and viscosity. The gel preparation was then analysed for its antibacterial activity using the diffusion method for the wells. Based on ethanol extract research, 70% of basil leaves had antibacterial activity with drag zone diameter of 5,20 mm (45% extract concentration), 6,06 mm (concentration of extract 50%) and 7,13 mm (concentration of extract 55%). In this study can be concluded that the higher concentration of ethanol extract 70% basil leaves the higher the inhibit zone diameter.