INNOVATIVE TEACHING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DISCIPLINES OF MILITARY-PATRIOTIC EDUCATION

The article deals with the problem of implementation of innovative pedagogical technologies of language learning at the New Ukrainian School. The attention is dedicated to the phenomenon of integration of pedagogical technologies in achieving a specific educational goal. The degrees of the development of various aspects of the problem, which are studied in methodical, psychological literature and linguistics, have been analyzed. It is noted that in modern linguistics the problem of implementation of pedagogical technologies at the lessons of the Ukrainian language has been deeply developed. However, the social importance of mastering students' key competences, skills and knowledge of self-acquisition and assimilation of knowledge, world trends in the development of modern science, processes of updating the education system in Ukraine, as well as insufficient coverage of issues in modern linguistics has actualized the problem of finding effective ways to implement innovative technologies of language learning at the New Ukrainian School. The object, subject, aim and research objectives are clearly defined. The methodology of the research (theoretical methods include studying of normative documents and working on topical problems of general secondary education, analysis and synthesis of achievements of linguistic, psychological, pedagogical sciences on the problem of implementation

According to Rostekhnadzor, an increased level of accidents is observed at the facilities of the oil and gas complex of the Russian Federation in 2021, in relation to the previous year. This is due to the insufficiently effective work of the production control services, the lack of a detailed analysis of each accident and accident, the prevention of the study of the causes.
 Every year, the economic damage caused by accidents, industrial injuries, and occupational diseases increases both in the main and auxiliary activities of companies in the Russian oil and gas complex.
 Recently, companies in various sectors of the economy have been paying great attention to the introduction of innovative technologies (IT) to ensure industrial safety (IS), including labor protection, fire safety and road safety.
 It is relevant to study trends in the implementation of IT in the areas of safety assurance used by domestic oil and gas companies to reduce the number of accidents, eliminate occupational injuries and occupational diseases.
 It should also be emphasized that the literature does not pay enough attention to comprehensive research reviews of projects for the implementation and practical application of IT in the field of IS, and, first of all, in oil and gas companies. These reviews are especially valuable for managers and specialists in the field of IS to make strategic and tactical timely management decisions for the implementation of IT. Research of projects on the introduction of innovative technologies for ensuring industrial safety in Russian oil and gas companies will allow you to build the entire decision-making chain: from goal setting to practical implementation.

In a rapidly changing, highly competitive technological environment, the hospitality industry must continually improve its services and business processes. Guests expect fast, personalized, and technologically convenient service, which requires implementing innovative solutions at every stage of customer interaction with the company. The use of digital technologies, namely, mobile applications, automated management systems, contactless services, artificial intelligence, and IoT solutions in rooms, is becoming a key factor in the competitiveness of hospitality businesses. Innovative technologies enable improvements in service quality, cost optimization, enhanced guest and staff safety, and the development of long-term customer loyalty. Therefore, research into the implementation of innovative technologies in the hospitality industry is highly relevant, as it enables the identification of practical development tools, enhances competitiveness, and facilitates the sustainable operation of businesses in a dynamic market environment. The study is based on the hypothesis that the implementation of innovative technologies in hospitality enterprises leads to statistically and managerially significant improvements in operational efficiency, service quality, and competitiveness; however, the magnitude and sustainability of these effects are conditional on implementation quality, specifically, the alignment of technology initiatives with business strategy, the level of process integration and data governance, the availability of employee skills and change-management practices. The purpose of the study is to examine modern approaches and practical aspects of implementing innovative technologies in hospitality enterprises, assess their impact on operational efficiency, competitiveness, and service quality, and identify key organizational and external factors that enable or hinder successful implementation. Methods used include systematization, generalization, comparison, economic modeling, and case-study analysis. The findings indicate that innovative technologies in hospitality deliver the strongest results when implementation is treated as a coordinated transformation of processes, data, and human roles rather than as the deployment of isolated digital tools. For hospitality enterprises, the practical value of innovation is most visible in three areas: operational streamlining and cost control through automation and integrated platforms; service quality stabilization via faster, more reliable customer journeys and consistent service standards; competitiveness enhancement through analytics-driven decisions, stronger digital distribution, and personalized guest communication. In the Ukrainian context, these effects are particularly relevant because technology can support resilience and continuity under volatility provided that adoption is staged, supported by workforce development, and governed by cybersecurity and data protection practices.

Purpose– The users of construction technologies such as builders and trades people have been acknowledged as sources of potentially important innovations. These innovations may be in the form of safer, less labour intensive, or cheaper methods and processes. The purpose of this paper is to assess whether the Australian construction industry is providing an environment where user-based innovation is being supported and implemented.Design/methodology/approach– An explorative study was undertaken to provide an insight into actual experiences of the implementation of user-based innovation. The data were collected through face-to-face semi-structured interviews providing case studies on multiple aspects of the implementation of innovative construction technologies. The cases involved a cross section of advances, including product, tool, and system technologies.Findings– The main motivation behind developing the technologies was problem solving. The associated industries of manufacturing and retail, as well as consultants within the construction industry present the greatest barriers to implementation.Originality/value– This research provides a better understanding of the factors that are preventing the successful implementation of user-based innovative construction technologies in small firms.

Innovative vocal technologies are becoming increasingly important in higher education institutions, particularly in those involving educational choirs. The competency-based approach is a crucial element of modern vocal training methodology, providing students with technical skills as well as fostering creative thinking, independence, and artistry. This article discusses the fundamental principles and methods of using innovative vocal technologies in the educational choir of higher education institutions, with an emphasis on the competency-based approach. It analyses the advantages of such an approach, including increased student motivation, improved performance quality, adaptability to modern technologies, and meeting labour market demands. The article provides research findings and practical examples of successful implementation of innovative vocal technologies in educational choirs using a competency-based approach. It also offers recommendations for further development of this direction in music education. The importance of integrating innovative vocal technologies into the educational choir of higher education institutions is examined, with a focus on the competency-based approach. The text emphasizes the importance of developing vocal-choral technique using modern tools and software. It discusses the role of these technologies in contemporary music art and their potential for participation in concert-educational projects, competitions, and festivals. The implementation of innovative technologies is highlighted as a means for the educational choir to improve performance quality and expand opportunities for creative development and professional growth. Finally, the article suggests the active use of modern technologies to achieve new heights in the development of vocal art and the successful implementation of concert and educational initiatives.

The article is devoted to the relevant issue – the study of the peculiarities of applying such innovative technologies as artificial intelligence (AI) in the recruitment of personnel in modern companies, with the aim of optimizing recruitment costs and reducing the influence of the human factor in decision-making. It has been proven that the implementation of innovative technologies in personnel work is essential for adapting to modern market conditions, increasing efficiency, and improving interaction between employers and employees. Such modern technologies as artificial intelligence, social networks, automation of HR processes, remote work platforms, analytical systems, etc., significantly change the traditional approaches to human resource management, opening up new horizons for company development. Innovative systems make it possible to ensure the rapid analysis and assessment of candidates during hiring (recruitment), optimize personnel activities, minimize risks, and make effective HR decisions. In addition, the automation of personnel management processes allows for a quick response to external and internal environmental factors of the enterprise’s activities, enabling the company to promptly adapt to new labor market requirements. One of the main aspects of applying innovative technologies in HR is increasing the efficiency of recruitment and personnel management processes. Thanks to the use of AI, machine learning, and other technologies, automated systems enable a more accurate and objective candidate selection process. The analysis of this data set makes it possible to identify patterns in employee behavior, helps to predict potential problems, and allows timely influence on staff motivation and the overall efficiency of the company’s operations. The purpose of the paper is to highlight modern artificial intelligence tools that can be used to improve the efficiency of recruitment processes. Methodology. The implementation of innovative technologies is essential for adapting to modern market conditions, increasing efficiency, and improving interaction between employers and employees. Modern technologies such as AI, social networks, HR process automation, remote work platforms, analytical systems, and others are significantly transforming traditional approaches to human resource management, opening new horizons for company development. Attention has been drawn to innovative recruitment technologies in the hiring process, and their effectiveness has been demonstrated. Based on the results of research of existing trends in the recruitment services market, the advantages and disadvantages of artificial intelligence (AI) in recruitment were analyzed, and practical examples were provided. Attention is drawn to the fact that the application of AI simplifies and accelerates personnel selection processes, employee performance evaluation, and other aspects of human resource management, making them even more precise and objective. The research has shown that AI serves as an assistant, not a replacement for a specialist, and currently it cannot be compared to human intelligence, as it only helps to more quickly automate and optimize recruitment and HR management processes. Practical implications. Under modern conditions, one of the key factors for the successful functioning of companies and a tool for enhancing their competitiveness is the proper selection of employees who must possess the necessary level of qualifications, skills, and competencies. The organization of labor in any company has certain features determined by the specifics of its operations. It should be noted that the use of new approaches based on modern innovative technologies and the latest personnel consulting tools significantly increases the efficiency of the personnel selection process. Value / originality. In scientific discourse, recruitment is recognized as one of the technologies for successfully implementing personnel policy, allowing for job evaluation, creation of a competency profile, identification of optimal recruitment channels, evaluation of candidates, and their support during the adaptation period using both comprehensive and individual approaches, thereby contributing to the effective formation of the enterprise’s human resources potential with the required level of professional knowledge and skills. However, it should be noted that in most cases, research on innovative technologies in recruitment is developing rapidly, with new tools and opportunities constantly emerging, requiring new challenges and further investigation.

Importance. Current conditions of society’s development initiate the introduction of new educa tional tasks at school; supposedly, education must include both knowledge development and the development of creative activity experience. Consequently, it is recommended to enrich the proc ess of education by the implementation of innovative educational technologies. Thus, a new think ing and creative approach to problem-solving among students would be formed. The purpose of the study is to develop students’ creative abilities through the implementation of innovative educa tional technologies in the educational process.Materials and Methods. The choice of research methods is determined by the peculiarities of studying the historical and pedagogical process. This specificity has identified the following meth ods as fundamental: analysis of psychological, pedagogical and methodological literature, synthe sis, comparison, included observation, generalization of the data obtained.Results and Discussion. Innovative technologies implementation creates plenty of possibilities for both teachers and students. Teachers can solve different educational tasks, and students can solve problems on their own through trial and error and reach their goals, which prerequisites the forma tion of creative qualities of personality. The use of such methods has a positive influence on stu dents because it develops their creative abilities, independence, activity, logical thinking, builds their self-confidence, and helps to get rid of stereotypes and barriers. Innovative technologies im plementation adds necessary emotions and creates an atmosphere for productive work.Conclusion. The application of innovative technologies in educational process contributes to the expansion of students’ general cultural outlook; the development of their intellectual and creative abilities, research and organizational skills, business and communicative qualities; the formation of value orientations, civic mindedness and skills of life in society.

The article aim: define the concept of «innovation», conduct a comprehensive analysis of modern innovative educational technologies used to improve the quality of education, consider the legislative framework in the field of education and in the field of innovation. Methods applied: analysis of scientific literature, systematization and generalization of research materials, which allowed to identify the state of the problem of the use of innovative technologies in the modern educational process; pedagogical observation and systematization in order to obtain research results on the active introduction of innovative pedagogical technologies, methods and techniques in the higher education system. The classification of innovations is presented. The role of innovations in education in economic development is shown. Modern educational and pedagogical technologies are considered. The main directions of implementation of information and communication technologies in the field of education are shown. Innovative methods and educational technologies are analyzed: e-learning, blockchain, interactive learning technologies, VR, augmented reality technologies, multimedia technologies. The use of the described innovative technologies in teaching allows achieving the following results: to ensure the mastery of knowledge and skills by each student; to develop learning independence; to form a zone of immediate professional development that ensures further individual work on the educational program; to create conditions for each student to realize the personal content of the results of learning activities based on their self-control, self-assessment and self-correction; to reduce the number of errors in solving practical problems in other disciplines. Innovative technologies are an ordered set of actions, operations and procedures that ensure the achievement of a diagnosed and predicted result.

This study examines the need to introduce innovative technologies into logistics processes to ensure efficiency, reduce costs, improve customer service, and maintain competitiveness in today's globalized environment. The main trends in the development of the world economy indicate the growing importance of logistics as a key element of ensuring the competitiveness of enterprises. In the conditions of globalization and digital transformation, traditional methods of managing logistics processes no longer meet modern requirements. Therefore, the issue of introducing innovative technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, automation and robotics, which allow to significantly increase the productivity and efficiency of logistics systems, is relevant. The significance and relevance of this research is explained by several important reasons: Insufficient integration of innovative technologies into logistics processes; Lack of standards and methodologies; Data security and privacy; Lack of effectiveness studies. Therefore, the study of the development and implementation of innovative technologies in logistics activities is a necessary step to ensure the competitiveness of enterprises in the conditions of the modern economy. Solving the above-mentioned problems will help increase the efficiency of logistics processes, reduce costs and improve the quality of customer service, which, in turn, will positively affect the development of business and the economy as a whole. Therefore, the study highlights key innovative technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), blockchain, automation and robotics, and big data and analytics. Analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each technology, the study offers recommendations for successfully integrating innovations, including developing strategies, investing in training, ensuring cybersecurity, and integrating technologies with existing systems. Particular attention is paid to the barriers that Ukrainian enterprises may face, such as economic, infrastructural, technical, regulatory, social and security-related challenges, and the need for an integrated approach to overcome them is indicated. The results of the study confirm that the active implementation of modern innovative technologies can significantly improve the quality of logistics operations and contribute to the sustainable development of enterprises in Ukraine and on the global market.

The relevance of this article is determined by the necessity to ensure the competitiveness of educational institutions in the educational services market. Modern challenges require educational institutions to continuously improve their activities. Successful development of an educational institution is possible only through the integration of innovations that stimulate the achievement of its goals and contribute to improving the quality of education for students. This aligns with the interests of Ukrainian society, which, like any other developed society, is interested in a high level of educational services. With the growth of the educational services market and increasing competition, it is important for leaders of educational institutions to focus on searching for and implementing innovative management technologies to secure significant competitive advantages. Thus, the current market conditions and the need for competitive struggle highlight the importance of innovations for leaders, with innovative management technologies becoming key to achieving the goals of the educational institution and enhancing the quality of education. Objective: To analyze the readiness of future leaders of educational institutions to implement and apply innovative management technologies to enhance the competitiveness of their organizations in the educational services market. Methods: Study of scientific sources, legislative and normative-legal documents, surveys and interviews, case studies, SWOT analysis, expert assessments, and modeling. Results: During the study, the readiness of future educational institution leaders to implement innovative management technologies was evaluated; key barriers and challenges faced by future leaders, including limited resources, fear of change, and an insufficient level of knowledge about innovative technologies, were identified. At the same time, positive aspects were also discovered, namely a high level of motivation for learning and improvement, and readiness to introduce innovations to enhance the quality of education and adapt to modern labor market requirements. A comprehensive set of measures to increase the readiness of future leaders for innovation was developed and substantiated. This includes professional development programs, mentorship, and the creation of innovative educational spaces for experimentation and practical application of new approaches. The role of strategic planning in the successful implementation of innovative management technologies was also determined, which involves clear formulation of the mission, vision of the educational institution, as well as the development of specific goals and tasks to achieve defined results. Conclusions: This article examined the readiness of future educational institution leaders to apply innovative management technologies, which is crucial for enhancing competitiveness and the quality of educational services provided. The main barriers and challenges leaders may face when implementing innovations were identified, and methods to overcome these challenges were proposed. Special attention was given to the importance of a systematic approach and strategic planning in the process of adapting and implementing new practices in management. Developed and substantiated recommendations for focusing on innovative management practices include: enhancing the qualifications of future leaders, developing openness to change, and stimulating creativity and innovative thinking. It was determined that the successful implementation of innovative management technologies depends on a comprehensive approach that takes into account the specifics of the educational institution, the readiness of the staff for changes, and the presence of the necessary material and technical base. The findings of the study make it clear that innovative management technologies play a decisive role in forming an effective management model in modern educational institutions. Their implementation not only improves the quality of educational services but also ensures the sustainable development of educational organizations, meeting the challenges of the contemporary dynamic educational environment.

Technological development, especially in the field of information and communication technologies, are changing the banking business. The implementation of innovative information and communication technologies for customer service in the banking sector allows banks to increase the number of customers and reduce their costs. The study of indicators that characterize changes in bank costs and customer number, their trends and seasonal or cyclical changes, will predict the development of the banking sector and the introduction of modern technologies in their activities, which, in turn, reduce the impact of inefficient management and investment decisions when implementing the latest technologies in their activities. The purpose of the study is to identify the trend and cyclical changes in the values of banking indicators and their relationship with the implementation of innovative technologies by banks. This paper has analyzed the indicators of general administrative expenses and commission income of Ukrainian banks for the period from January 2009 to December 2020, as these indicators indirectly characterize the implementation and use of innovative technologies by banks. This paper constructs indicators change models of general administrative expenses and commission incomes which include trend and cyclical components. The models' accuracy is within 10%. The analysis of indicators' cyclicity was performed by methods of harmonic analysis using the package PTC Mathcad 6.0. Both indicators show an increasing trend. The identified periods of fluctuations in the components of the total administrative expenses are 3, 4 and 72 months. The identified periods of fluctuations in the components of the commission income are 14.4, 28.8 and 72 months. The paper has made the forecast of indicators of general administrative expenses and commission incomes for 2021. The results of this study can be considered at planning and forecasting of development of banking system of Ukraine and influence of innovative technologies on this development.

PurposeThe South African construction industry appears to be lagging behind other industries in the country in terms of implementation and adoption of innovative technologies. Moreover, sufficient empirical data on the adoption of innovative technologies, especially, in developing countries are not readily available. The aim of this study is therefore to assess the adoption and implementation of innovative technologies in the South African construction industry with a view to improving the industry's performance.Design/methodology/approachA survey was undertaken using a questionnaire, administered to construction professionals primarily in project management, quantity surveying and architectural firms.FindingsThe key findings show that there are some innovative technologies such as building information modelling, 3-dimensional mapping, drones, 3-dimensional printing and virtual reality that have been deployed. However, limited adoption of innovative technologies within the industry and low levels of knowledge of its benefits among the respondents were reported. This low implementation of innovative technologies was due to critical barriers such as high cost, limited knowledge, time requirement, fear of change, lack of interest, nature of construction processes and lack of team dynamics. Key drivers of innovation were found to include globalization and competition.Practical implicationsThe current level of implementation of innovative technologies indicated that they are not yet optimized in the South African construction industry and suggests implications for change, adaptation and growth. The study recommends that firms should consider investing in research and development in order to exploit the potential of innovation for organizations and the industry at large.Originality/valueThe drivers and barriers indicated will help to prioritize the direction of adoption and growth which could help to improve the industry.

The development of an imagineering learning management model with augmented reality (AR) technology in cloud learning environment to encourage innovation skills of undergraduate students is the research and development that aims to develop the learning management in the subject of innovation and information technology (IT) for Education. The concept of imagineering model for learning development and AR technology are brought to use in class, together with the arranging for the cloud learning environment. It requires for the modern learning environment where diverse educational technologies are applied to encourage students’ innovation skills. The objectives of study are: (1) develop imagineering model with AR technology in cloud learning environment; (2) develop imagineering learning system with AR technology in cloud learning environment and; (3) study results of implementation of imagineering model with AR technology. The sample group comprises of 30 cases, selected from registration with multi-stage sampling. Meantime, the research tools include evaluation form and questionnaire. The results of research found that: (1) imagineering learning management model with AR technology in cloud learning environment consists of brainstorming, imagine, designing, implementing and presenting and evaluation; (2) imagineering model with AR technology enables to enhance innovation skills of learners at high level; (3) learners using imagineering model with AR technology in cloud learning environment are satisfied with the model at highest level.

Changes in the tasks of modern medical education, which currently consists not only in the preparation of a theoretically knowledgeable specialist in the specialty but also in ensuring the versatile development of the future doctor, his creative abilities, the formation of self-realization skills and competitiveness, also require changes in the teaching of most educational disciplines. This problem is especially inherent in dentistry because this field of medicine is developing rapidly and requires the training of highly qualified specialists capable of professional growth, mobility, a creative approach to the profession, and the formation of an individual style in work. At the same time, the modernization of medical education and stomatology, in particular, requires the solution of several problems of an organizational and technological nature. For the most part, using innovative technologies and introducing problem-oriented interactive learning, a modern didactic system that can combine various educational principles in the form of a clinical problem, helps to overcome most of the shortcomings of teaching in a modern medical school. The methods built on this principle aim to improve the quality of educational results due to joint, integrated, independent, and comprehensive training. The most relevant in teaching therapeutic dentistry are innovative technologies aimed at expanding the possibility of choosing various aspects of education and professional activity, forming an individual style and ensuring the possibility of a search, a creative approach not only in mastering knowledge, but also in professional activity. These include solving situational problems, working in mini-groups, using the сase-method or simulation methods, etc. These methods allow students to distance themselves from the nosological principle of education, when the basis of teaching the material is the name of nosology, an already known diagnosis. The principles mentioned above of teaching dental disciplines contribute to the formation of the future doctor’s skills of continuous education and professional development, which should ensure not only the improvement of the quality of dental services, but also the optimal use of the resources of the medical system in this field. The purpose of the research was to conduct a theoretical analysis of scientific psychological-pedagogical, methodical, and medical publications regarding the use of innovative pedagogical technologies in teaching therapeutic dentistry. Materials and Methods. We performed analysis of psychological-pedagogical and methodical literature, materials from educational-methodical conferences, and professional articles on the issues mentioned above to clarify the essence and features of modern innovative technologies in therapeutic dentistry teaching. To achieve the goal, theoretical methods (analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, and systematization) were used. Results. The reformation of modern medicine leads to a change in the requirements for medical school graduates. Therefore, a rapid transition from simple accumulation of knowledge to the ability to use it effectively in practical activities is noticeable. The interaction between the teacher and the student gradually moves to a personal-oriented level, which should increase interest in the learning process and improve the relationship between the teacher and the student. The use of innovative pedagogical technologies, in particular interactive methods, in the process of professional training of dentists allows expanding the opportunity for students to choose various aspects of professional activity, contributes to the formation of their style, and provides search opportunities. In further research, it is advisable to consider the effectiveness of each teaching method separately and in combination with others to analyze the effectiveness of their varieties. Further implementation of innovative technologies should ensure high professional achievements of future doctors and their high competitiveness.

In modern conditions, innovative augmented reality technologies are actively developing, which are widespread in many areas of human activity. Introduction of advanced developments in the process of professional training of future specialists of socionomic professions in the conditions of adaptive training, contributes to the implementation of the principles of a personalized approach and increase the overall level of competitiveness. The relevant scientific article is devoted to the theoretical and empirical analysis result of conducting a psychodiagnostic study on an innovative computer complex HC-psychotest. of the features of the implementation of augmented reality technologies in the construct of traditional psychological and pedagogical support aimed at the development of emotional intelligence of the future specialist. The interdisciplinary approach was used while carrying out the research work at the expense of the general fund of the state budget: “Adaptive system for individualization and personalization of professional training of future specialists in the conditions of blended learning”. A comprehensive study of the implementation of traditional psychological-pedagogical and innovative augmented reality technologies was conducted in the framework of scientific cooperation of STEAM-Laboratory, Laboratory of Psychophysiological Research and Laboratory of Psychology of Health in Bogdan Khmelnitsky Melitopol State Pedagogical University. The theoretical analysis considers the structural model of emotional intelligence of the future specialist of socionomic professions, which is represented by two structural components: intrapersonal construct of emotional intelligence and interpersonal construct of emotional intelligence. Each component mediates the inherent emotional intelligence of interpretive, regulatory, adaptive, stress-protective and activating functions. The algorithm of the empirical block of research is presented by two stages: ascertaining and forming research. According to the results of the statement, low indicators were found on most scales, reflecting the general level of emotional intelligence development of future specialists, actualizing the need to find and implement effective measures for the development of emotional intelligence components in modern higher education and taking into account information development and digitalization. As part of the formative stage of the research implementation, a comprehensive program “Development of emotional intelligence of future professionals” was tested, which integrated traditional psychological and pedagogical technologies and innovative augmented reality technologies. This program is designed for 24 hours, 6 thematic classes of 4 hours. According to the results of a comprehensive ascertaining and shaping research, the effectiveness of the influence of augmented reality technologies on the general index of emotional intelligence is proved. The step-by-step model of integration of augmented reality components influencing the ability to analyze, understand and regulate emotional states into a complex program of emotional intelligence development is demonstrated. According to the results of the formative study, there is a dominance of high indicators of the following components: intrapersonal (50%), interpersonal (53.3%). Thus, we can say that intrapersonal and interpersonal emotional intelligence together involve the actualization of various cognitive processes and skills, and are related to each other. Empirical data were obtained as a