Innovations in nanotechnology for water treatment

Nanotechnology has myriads of potentials and windows of opportunities cutting across all sectors, but this paper concentrated on the application of nanotechnology in water purification and treatment as a means of improving water quality for effective water supply in Nigeria. The paper reviewed twenty-one manuscripts on the applications of nanotechnology in water treatment, its efficiency and major challenges including original research studies and reviews. It was found that nanotechnology has the potentials to advance and make easy the process of water purification effectively, with the merits of lower costs, energy saving, and relative limited negative environmental and health impacts. Some of the identified nanomaterials useful in water treatment and purification include: carbon nanotubes and alumina fibers for nanofiltration, carbon nanotube membranes for removal of almost all kinds of water contaminants including turbidity, oil, bacteria, viruses and organic contaminants; Zinc oxide nanoparticles for removing arsenic from water; nano titanium oxide used to degrade organic pollutants; zero-valent metal nanoparticles, metal oxides nanoparticles, and nanocomposites among others. The paper recommended that nanotechnology should be adopted in water purification and treatment in order to improve water quality and adequate water supply in Nigeria. Also, the departments of water resources planning and management should partner with available nanotechnology centres to improve the sector using this technology.

Freshwater in the environment is getting contaminated day by day due to constant pollution of freshwater bodies through different anthropogenic sources which leads to scarcity of freshwater for the people usage. Green synthesis of nanoparticle is a very efficient method of nanoparticle synthesis. Nowadays these nanoparticles are used to treat wastewater system. The overview of recent advancement in nanotechnology for water and wastewater treatment mechanisms is provided, including nanobased materials, such as nanoadsorbents, nanometals, nanomembranes, and photocatalysts. Various advantageous roles governed of these materials as well as technical barriers when compared with conservative processes are being demonstrated. The commercial value of these materials is presented and viewpoint on further research value is given for each type of nanobased material and process. This chapter includes recent trends in green synthesis of nanoparticles using different plants and their parts like leaves, stem, etc., and their application in treatment of wastewater.

Recent innovations of nanotechnology in water treatment: A comprehensive review

Green nanotechnology is an emerging field of research in recent decades with rapidly growing interest. This integrates green chemistry with green engineering to avoid using toxic chemicals in the synthesis of organic nanomaterials. Green nanotechnology would create a huge potential for the use of nanoparticles for more sustainable utilization in improving animal health. Nanoparticles can be synthesised by physical, chemical and biological processes. Traditional methods for physical and chemical synthesis of nanoparticles are toxic to humans, animals and environmental health, which limits their usefulness. Green synthesis of nanoparticles via biological processes and their application in animal health could maximize the benefits of nanotechnology in terms of enhancing food animal health and production as well as minimize the undesirable impacts on Planetary Health. Recent advances in nanotechnology have meant different nanomaterials, especially those from metal sources, are now available for use in nanomedicine. Metal nanoparticles are one of the most widely researched in green nanotechnology, and the number of articles on this subject in food animal production is growing. Therefore, research on metal nanoparticles using green technologies have utmost importance. In this review, we report the recent advancement of green synthesized metal nanoparticles in terms of their utilization in monogastric animal health, elucidate the research gap in this field and provide recommendations for future prospects.

With advances in nanotechnology, different types of nanomaterial are emerging for applications in water purification and water treatment devices owing to their effectiveness against both chemical and biological contaminants. This paper discusses the application of nanoscale materials that are being evaluated or developed as functional materials for water treatment, e.g. nanomembranes (nanocomposite RO and NF and carbon nanotubes), metal nanoparticles, nanoadsorbents, magnetic nanoparticles, bioactive nanoparticles, carbonaceous nanomaterials, zeolites, dendrimers and nanofibres. Nanomaterials are intrinsically better in terms of performance than other substances used in water treatment because of their high surface area (surface/volume ratio). Owing to these characteristics, these may be used in future at large scale for water purification.

the industry of producing Portland cement concrete (PCC) depends on Portland cement (PC) as a major element. One of the main usages of the PCC is producing concrete members. The use of waste materials in concrete manufacture could be useful to improve the properties of concrete and reduce production costs by replacing the Cementous material with waste materials. Researchers had invested efforts in investigating the effect of using nanomaterials as an add-on to the concrete mixture on the mechanical properties of concrete. As a result, it was concluded that nanomaterials have a considerable impact on promoting the compressive and flexural strength of the PCC. This research illustrates the effect of utilizing nanomaterials, as an add-on to the concrete mixture, combined with using waste materials, as a replacement to PC, to improve the mechanical properties of plain concrete with different types of materials in different dosages. The experimental part has been carried out by using waste materials and nano-based material. The used waste materials were ceramic waste (CW), and marble powder (MP). The nano-based materials that were used were Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphene oxide (GO). The results were compared in terms of compressive strength and flexure strength to the control concrete mix. These tests aim to investigate the impact of the modified mixtures on the mechanical properties after elapsing 7 and 28 days to obtain the maximum partial replacement percentage of cement with waste and nano-based materials. It could be concluded that using CW and MP combined with either CNTs or GO could be effectively utilized as a replacement of cement in PCC.

Global diversity of airborne pathogenic bacteria and fungi from wastewater treatment plants

Chapter 5 - Nanostructured membranes for water treatments

Water is one of the essential companions of life on earth. During the phases of creation, evolution and continuity of life on earth, water remained as its most vital component. Clean and fresh water is essential for the existence of life. Potential water scarcity is being recognized as a threat to human activity. Water resources continue to diminish due to overuse, waste, and pollution. The current water treatment capacities for securing clean water will be unable to meet the needs of the growing population. Clean drinking water is becoming an increasingly limited resource in many parts of the world and as consequence water purification technologies are gaining major attention worldwide. Sustainable development of water treatment technologies requires innovative techniques to provide safe drinking water in a cost and energy efficient manner. Against this background, the adaptation of highly advanced, Nanotechnology in particular, offers the potential of long-term solutions to increase energy efficiency and lower costs, through the adaptation of advanced filtration materials that enable greater water quality and reuse. The present study aims to understand the filtration capacity of the units that are located in the study area, to study the nanotechnology used in filtration of drinking water, and how nanotechnology impact on environment in the study area. The present study is based on both Primary and secondary source data. The study was conducted in Mysore city; primary data have been collected from field survey and personal observation. Data is analyzed through simple quantitative techniques like Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The result show that the role of nanotechnology in water treatment is overestimated; while advantages are not more than theoretical assumptions, while the disadvantages are almost certain. Waste waters stay toxic after treatment by nano materials. Keywords Nano Technology, Pearson's Correlation, Filtration

Chapter 7 - Nanotechnology in Water Treatment

Chapter 20 - Nanotechnology for water treatment: A green approach

State of the art on the magnetic iron oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Functionalization, and applications in wastewater treatment

Relative abundance and treatment reduction of viruses during wastewater treatment processes — Identification of potential viral indicators

Fate and effects of microplastics in wastewater treatment processes

WITHDRAWN: Nanotechnology for sustainable water treatment – A review