Abstract
Eggshell functioned as a bio-filler and sintering aid added into earthenware clay compounds to make fire clay bricks via extrusion process. The main composition of eggshell is calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) while the main composition of earthenware is aluminosilcate (Al 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 .2H 2 O) and other oxide compounds. Calcium carbonate in eggshell can react to chemical substances in earthenware clay compound to form calcium alumnosilicate or anorthite and wollastonite or calcium silicate phase formation of the fired clay bricks. Adding 20%wt eggshell powder into clay bricks and fired at 1000°C for 5 hrs., affects to the physical-mechanical-thermal properties, i.e. high compressive strength and hardness, good thermal expansion coefficient, good true density, and low water absorption. In general, the theoretical compressive strength, hardness, and water absorption of desired refractory are more than 7.0 MPa, 6.0 HV, and less than 25%wt, respectively. Therefore, the obtained fired clay bricks added eggshell powder and fired at 1000°C for 5 hrs., are potential for use as bricks for construction and thermal insulation.
Highlights
IntroductionEggshells are an egg product industry residue that contributes to environmental pollution as it favors microbial actions
Eggs have been used as foods, drugs, cosmetics, and foodstuffs
(26.881°-28.776°, 23.205°, 36.650°, and 43.473°) mixed with the cubic phase formation of calcium oxide (CaO) of JCPDS no. 00-048-1467 at 2Ɵ (37.360°, 53.860°, and 32.200°) and consistent with the results reported by Gökhan, G. et al [13], Cultrone, G., et al [15], Jordan, M.M et al.[20], Xia, W., et al [21], and Wan, X. et al [22]
Summary
Eggshells are an egg product industry residue that contributes to environmental pollution as it favors microbial actions. The by-product eggshell represents approximately 11% of the total weight approximately 60 g of egg [1,2]. Eggshell is one kind of sources of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) known as calcite which is the more stable polymorph at room temperature. An eggshell is a rich source of mineral salts, mainly calcium carbonate (94%), calcium phosphate (1%), magnesium carbonate (91%), and organic substances (4%) [2]. An important composition of eggshell is the calcium carbonate, which can be used in various material applications: dielectrics, dental and bone implantation, gypsum, catalysts, and fillers used for in a variety industries such as rubber, ink, foodstuff, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and fertilization
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