Innovation, growth, and structural change in a decarbonizing economy: a tale of two sectors

The paper describes and examines the industrial policies of the Eurasian Economic Union member states. It shows the need to adjust the traditional type of industrial policy of the Eurasian Economic Union countries, which relies on leading industries. The purpose of this article is to identify the main challenges for the industrial policy in Kazakhstan, taking into account its participation in the EAEU and the risks associated with distortion of competition as a result of hostile mergers and acquisitions, and to propose solutions intended to ensure a balance between competition protection and industrial policy. The paper’s objectives are to review the problems arising at the intersection of trade, innovation, and intellectual property in the EAEU countries and to develop recommendations for industrial and innovation policy. The article considers two main issues in accordance with the purpose: the industrial policy problems in the EAEU countries; the use of intellectual property and competition law for the development and protection of innovations. It is shown that the industrial policy of Kazakhstan and other EAEU countries remains insufficiently effective and has a contradictory nature. Since 2000, the economic complexity index decreased in most EAEU countries, the intensity of industrialization remained low, and the share of medium and high-tech manufacturing diminished. There is a need to adjust the traditional type of industrial policy, to exclude selective advantages to specific firms, to focus on industry-wide industrial policy, the insufficient experience of EAEU member states in counteracting hostile and murderous takeovers, the complexity of innovation development system, protection of competition within the integration.

Climate policy and low-carbon innovation: Evidence from low-carbon city pilots in China

Evaluation in an Emergency: Assessing Transformative Energy Policy amidst the Climate Crisis

OBJECTIVE/SCOPE Interest in Floating Offshore Wind Farm (FOWF) is regaining momentum as countries and energy producers vie for economic and innovative solutions to decarbonize products and operations with net zero targets in perspective. Typically tapping offshore wind is costlier in comparison to land based solutions, despite the flexibility it offers due to remote operations away from populated areas. Floating wind farms offer an attractive mix of flexibility and cost effectiveness by eliminating the need for large supporting structures and enabling further deep-sea installations and access to stronger winds. While floating wind turbine technology is promising, it needs further maturation along with favorable policy implementation on the part of regulators to make floating wind farms attractive to operators/investors. This paper investigates Technology, Project Management challenges and opportunities from a large, Joint Venture capital project context with net zero target perspectives. METHODS, PROCEDURES, PROCESS Conceptually, floating wind energy is generated by a cluster of floating wind turbines, as against conventional fixed-bottom turbines which account for the majority of wind installations today. Several recent technological advancements have led to innovative floating wind solutions and also driven the costs downward. However, technological challenges like mooring and anchoring systems suited for harsh environments and policy challenges still present barriers to increased investment decisions. In both cases, synergies could potentially be harnessed from existing Oil & Gas deep sea technology. This paper will attempt to address such technology and policy challenges, as well as project management perspectives in maturing floating wind technology. Further, the project development lifecycle will be analyzed from stakeholder and risk management, technology maturation, decision making, and complexity management perspectives. RESULTS, OBSERVATIONS, CONCLUSIONS While alleviating cost and flexibility challenges related to stick-built fixed-base solutions, floating technologies may have strategic potential to unlock the full potential of offshore wind and to serve as a vehicle to achieve green transition goals. This paper summarizes the potential risks and opportunities from political, economic, socio-cultural, technological, legal and environmental (PESTLE) points of view. Potential stakeholder influences and a decision quality matrix will be identified and documented. FOWF, PESTLE, Project Management, Complexity Management

The evolution of industries in the last two centuries in all countries has been closely supported by a wide range of public policies addressing the patterns of capital accumulation, trade rules, the organisation of markets, innovative efforts and the process of knowledge creation and diffusion. Specific institutions have been created supporting such developments and have played a key role in economic growth. The protection of infant industries, the definition of trade and intellectual property regimes, the distribution of rents and the coherence with macroeconomic policies are key elements of such policies. The current challenges of industrial and innovation policies are discusses in the light of recent experiences in emerging countries.Keywords: secondary sector, public policy, industrial policy, market/commercialpolicy, industrialization, international trade, intellectual property, macroeconomics

Since 1973, prices of energy and energy related inputs have been rising. Rising prices have brought about structural changes not only in agriculture but also in other sectors of the economy. In this article, Tewari and Rao describe the economic and non- economic aspects of rising energy prices in agriculture. Farmers will have to adopt energy saving technologies in the long run to sustain profitability. The magnitude of changes in the agricultural sector brought about by rising prices can be captured through energy modelling. Tewari and Rao outline the salient features of a sectoral model for Indian agriculture which have implications for several policy measures.

Low-carbon city pilot policy and enterprise low-carbon innovation–A quasi-natural experiment from China

Assessing innovative national policy options and roles for CCS in a post-kyoto framework

Innovation is key to industrialization in Africa and must be aligned with industrial policy. A challenge for African countries is to design and implement innovation and industrial policies that take into account the unique structural nature of African economies, in which the informal sector is prevalent. This paper argues that a measurement programme focused on innovation in the context of local economic development is imperative for setting industrial and innovation policy in Africa. Policies tend to speak and respond to those phenomena that have been subjected to measurement programmes. Is there space for designing new measures of innovation in Africa that include the informal sector? We propose a novel methodology and framework for measuring informal sector innovation, based on a local innovation and production systems approach. We end the paper with a proposal for using the evidence gathered from this methodology and a continental strategy that lends itself to direct policy intervention that has local economic development and upgrading of value chains as a goal.

This report provides guidelines with respect to concepts, rationales and methodological considerations aimed at experts conducting territorial reviews of industrial transition and at policy makers and analysts with an interest in the operationalisation of transformative industrial innovation. It explains the concepts necessary to adopt a wider framing of the production and consumption system, the rationales for (and objectives of) reviews useful for transformative industrial innovation, and the POINT (Projecting Opportunities for INdustrial Transitions) methodology presented as a series of steps.\n\nThe concepts section outlines a framework that allows Smart Specialisation Strategies (S3) to be mobilised in ways that are in keeping with vanguard thinking and international practice on system innovation and new industrial policies. Doing so requires reframing the domain of policy action, broadening it to cover the entire production and consumption system. When a wider view of the production and consumption system is taken, previously unidentified interconnections between its constituent parts can become obvious. Importantly, these interconnections represent points of powerful policy leverage, if their identification enables coordinated and timely action. Successful transition management requires strategic directions that draw upon territorial values (in addition to economic strengths); a concern with multiple-value creation (economic, social, environmental); the management of demand (public procurement, households); understanding and managing resistance to change; and ways of satisfying the very different needs and ambitions of a great number of actors with unequal power over the system.\n\nThe rationales section argues that transitions require clarity of purpose and a new paradigm of thinking and acting in the face of transformative change. A confluence of maturing trends, including the availability of funding and an increasing readiness to deploy the full panoply of industrial policy instruments, can allow territories to benefit from new opportunities and manage the threats. As deep structural change is often accompanied by social transformation, these transitions represent a chance not just to cater for the economic growth imperative but also to respond to growing social demands to maintain dignified, fulfilling, and well-remunerated employment, empower traditionally disadvantaged groups and achieve sustainability. However, this is not a likely outcome in the absence of preparation and a preparedness to act. Obtaining legitimacy and resources for pursuing transformative change requires alternative framings as to why and how policy can yield desirable outcomes. The section also explains how the perspective taken has been motivated by the needs of lagging and other regions that suffer from long-term lock-in to economic activities with limited opportunities for branching within predictable timeframes. For these, as well as many other regions, new pathways for industrial development supported by multi-level coordination, planning and interventions are necessary. The territorial reviews can produce relevant evidence that is difficult to obtain otherwise. \n\nThe section on the POINT methodology presents suggestions on the framing, procedure and conduct of the reviews. The reviews focus on an industrial theme of growing global importance suggested by the relevant territorial authorities (for instance, but not confined to: climate change/renewable energy; electrification of transport; circular economy; digitalisation; artificial intelligence). The purpose of the reviews is to collect evidence and examine the scope for developing adequate territorial responses that harness cross-portfolio complementarities (e.g. between ministries and between levels of governance) and cross-stakeholder coordination (e.g. between businesses and broad constituencies of consumers/users). In each territory under review and for an industrial theme suggested by the authorities the review findings are documented in a report that serves to: \n\n(a) Map the affected orientation, resource mobilisation, production and consumption systems in the territory;\n\n(b) Document existing planning arrangements and directions of deliberate change (e.g. as described in thematic policy and business strategies, or evident in momentum-gathering social concerns and movements, consumer trends, common territorial values etc.) of various stakeholders in the affected systems that could later form the basis for a broadly-supported transition vision;\n\n(c) Make concrete suggestions for the advancement of the transition and for managing its downsides. Given the nature and magnitude of the transition challenge, adequate territorial responses will include not just research and innovation policies that are already part of S3, but also industrial and employment policies more generally, including provisions for education and skills, for complementary large public infrastructures (e.g. in energy, transport, waste), urban planning, fiscal policy and social security reform, among others. The recommendations of the review therefore place a particular emphasis on fostering alignment and coordination within government.\n\nThe reviews aim to build the evidence base for appropriate "Actions to Manage Industrial Transitions", as stipulated in fulfilment criterion No.6 of the enabling condition of good governance foreseen in the next multi-annual financing period of the EU Structural Funds (without prejudice to the final decision of the European Commission). The reviews can further inform the design and implementation of S3 [e.g. refining or extending priorities, broadening the Entrepreneurial Discovery Process (EDP), fostering synergies with other funding streams] as well as informing, and been informed by, industrial policies and other territorial strategies for economic, social and sustainable development. More broadly, the reviews can be an input to a participatory process of stakeholder engagement leading to the development of credible positive visions for the future that can be the source of pride and inspiration for the region (or country) and a rallying point for the mobilisation of actors and resources from all levels.

Innovation has been and continues to be recognised as central to promoting and supporting sustainable economic development; as such, South Africa has set the goal of becoming a knowledge economy. This is an economy that succeeds in producing knowledge and transforming itself into a technology-based from a resource-based economy that will stimulate growth and development of the country, while creating sustainable employment opportunities. The two key policies designed to drive strategic economic development in South Africa are the Innovation Policy and the Industrial Policy. This article considers the role of technology commercialisation strategy and how it can be utilised as a model for cooperation and collaboration to ensure achievement of the objectives of the innovation and industrial policies and present a homogeneous approach to policy implementation. The data was collected through a field survey of small, medium and micro enterprises (SMME s) which are technological oriented. Additional information was gathered through an in-depth, semi-structured interviews with selected stakeholders within the innovation landscape. The research findings confirm that commercialisation is the most significant and critical step of the innovation value chain, supported by collaboration and linkages of the innovation system players and it requires effective co-operation from both public and private entities. Successful technology commercialisation justifies efforts, funds and time committed to research and development and it propels enterprise development, spurs industrialisation, enhances enterprise technological capability, efficiency and competitiveness, create investment opportunities, and make research more demand driven.

Preface List of Figures List of Tables 1. Introduction: G Humphrys, (University College, Swansea) and K Chapman, (University of Aberdeen) (I) Nature and Spatial Dimensions of Technical Change 2. Technical innovation, long cycles and regional policy: C Freeman (Science Policy Research Unit, University of Sussex) 3. Some aspects of technical innovation, diffusion and technical change: the diffusion of the colour scanner in the United Kingdom: R McArthur (Cheltenham College of St. Paul and St. Mary) 4. Producer Services and Economic Change: some Canadian evidence: P A Wood (University College, London) 5. Technology and occupational change in the United Kingdom shipbuilding industry: R T Harrison, (The Queen's University of Belfast) (II) Technical Change and Industrial Restructuring 6. Technical change as a response to economic crisis: the case of oil refining in Western Europe: D A Pinder and M S Husain (University of Southampton) 7. The impact of technical change on the organization and locational structure of automobile production in Canada: J Holmes (Queen's University, Ontario) 8. Restructuring in the steel industry: the link between new technology and change in a 'mature' industrial system: J H Bradbury (McGill University) (III) Technical Change and Spatial Policy 9. Organizational adaptation and the technological autonomy of branch plants in the United Kingdom electronics industry: D R Charles (University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne) 10. Technology, dependence and regional development: the case of the aerospace industry: D Todd and J Simpson (University of Manitoba) 11. Innovation policy and mature industries: the forest products sector in British Columbia. R Hayter (Simon Fraser University) 12. Promoting 'high technology' industry: location factors and public policy: C V Christy and R G Ironside (University of Alberta, Edmonton) 13. Conclusions: G. Humphrys, (University College, Swansea) and K Chapman (University of Aberdeen)

Digital economy policy and corporate low-carbon innovation: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

Making Do in Making Drugs: Innovation Policy and Pharmaceutical Manufacturing

China's national policy formulation undergone economic transformation and shaped the making of policies in promotion of private business and stock market regulation. China's distinctive process of central-local interaction in policy generation is one of its core strengths in reforming its economy.