Innovating virology: from empirical verification to hypothesis exploration

A professional virtual community provides an interactive platform for enterprise experts to create and share their empirical knowledge cooperatively, and the platform contains a tremendous amount of hidden empirical knowledge that knowledge experts have preserved in the discussion process. Therefore, enterprise knowledge management highly prioritises how to verify the empirical knowledge effectively before archiving it into enterprise knowledge repository for reuse. This work develops a novel scheme of ontology-based empirical knowledge verification for professional virtual community to assist domain experts in a professional virtual community to verify the logics of empirical knowledge, thus ensuring the quality of empirical knowledge and providing accurate knowledge decision support for knowledge workers. In particular, this work has the following objectives: propose an empirical knowledge verification model for a professional virtual community, design an ontology-based empirical knowledge verification process, develop techniques related to the ontology-based empirical knowledge verification and implement an ontology-based empirical knowledge verification mechanism with an illustrative example of securities trading. Results of this study facilitate efforts within the professional virtual community to verify empirical knowledge in order to provide knowledge workers with logic-correct empirical knowledge for decision support.

This paper critically reviews some of the more prominent typologies of religious involvement and finds that there are specific problems of definition and classification with existent schemes. An attempt is made to synthesize the work of others in a new typology of religious involvement. It is suggested that religious involvement can have four general orientations: (1) supernatural (2) communal (3) cultural (4) interpersonal. Each of these orientations can be manifested in a behavioral or ideational manner. Within this framework, nine dimensions and three subdimensions of religious involvement are proposed. A factor analysis of data gathered from a sample of Jewish adults in Chicago, Illinois lent general support for the scheme presented here. Contrary to the emphasis in much of the research on Christianity, behavioral rather than ideational dimensions accounted for most of the total variance in religious involvement. The 1960s were good years for the sociology of religion. With the renewed interest in religion, there has been, understandably, much interest in arriving at adequate definitions of religion and religiosity. As the research in the sociology of religion proliferated, so did the typologies of religious involvement and the number of dimensions within those typologies. The field moved from simple unidimensional scales to complex multidimensional scales. Thus, Wach (1944) proposed three factors of religious commitment; Lenski (1961) suggested that there are really four. Glock and Stark (1965) elaborated upon Fukuyama (1960) and proposed five dimensions of religious involvement. Their typology has probably generated more research in this area than any other scheme. Clayton (1971) was able to scale the Glock and Stark dimensions of religious involvement. King (1967) proposed nine dimensions, but later, along with Hunt (1969) suggested that there are really eleven. Most recently (1972), however, they decided that ten dimensions look best. While contemplating the similarities and differences between theoretically plausible typologies, we have attempted to clarify matters by empirical verification. These schemes have been correlated, scalogrammed, factored and analyzed in almost every way possible; with each researcher presenting his method of empirical verification with his own criteria of truth. Anyone who has spent some time building scales empirically knows that they can be shaped, condensed, and tailored to fit many different conceptual schemes. Furthermore, if you change the sample, you might have to change the scales. Consequently, attempts at empirical verification have added to the confusion about the number of religious involvement dimensions. Perhaps, then, what is needed first and foremost is a clear conceptual scheme. This paper will critically review some of the more prominent typologies of religious involvement, suggest a new typology which systematically attempts to synthesize the others, and finally present some empirical verification of the proposed typology. REVIEWING TYPOLOGIES OF RELIGIOUS

Attitude and Climate -An Empirical Verification with Reference to Various Types of Organisations Types of Organisations

The research purpose is to investigate and explore a solution of non-directed of mathematics problems presented visually or algebraic, and to embed the empirical verification thinking. The problems are from Researcher Repertoire, test item of Teacher Profession Education of National Indonesia, and Flanders Mathematics Olympiad. We analyze the students’ empirical verification thinking of their solutions, i.e. the trend of the thinking, model of representation, and completeness of the logical steps. The results are: the pattern of thinking tends to linear model or of meta-pattern, the description tends to be non-linear or varies of the solution, and the logical steps tend to be a non-recognizable form of thinking. Our recommendations are that the more visual representations need multiple representations, the algebraic thinking needs more the visual illustrations, and the visual images needed in solving mathematics problems.

Purpose: The aim of this chapter is to empirically verify the thesis (set out in the previous work) regarding the substitution changes in the tourism market caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The question was posed as to whether the travel substitution caused by the pandemic concerned substitution internal or external to the offer of the tourism market. Design/methodology/approach: Qualitative research was conducted on the supply side and the demand side of the tourism market. The supply-side research comprised a direct (non-standardised) interview among representatives of the three main tour operators organising tourist trips on the Polish market. The demand study used a direct standardised interview method using an interview questionnaire. Findings: The results of the research showed internal substitution processes in the tourism market triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic. The changes affected trips to a slightly greater extent in 2020 than in 2021. The research showed lower external substitution, meaning that during the pandemic consumers did not want to give up tourism trips. Research limitations/implications: The research confirms the findings of other authors that the pandemic treated as a transformative force in tourism and hospitality, while the relatively short time after its end prevents long-term conclusions. Practical implications: The results can be used by service providers, to anticipate changes caused by contingencies, as well as to predict trends in tourism product design. Social implications: The research indicates the direction of change that a pandemic may provide a starting point for further observations. Originality and value: Most of the analysis is limited to quantitative phenomena related to the reduction of tourism trips as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The originality of the article is based on the analysis of the substitution processes in the tourism market by internal and external substitution. The added value is the simultaneity of the study on both the demand and the supply side of tourism.

This study aimed to conduct a conceptual validation of Ellis's irrational beliefs, analyze the limitations of existing measurement tools, and propose a framework for a new measurement tool. First, an examination of the irrationality of 11 Ellis' irrational beliefs revealed that each belief violates "logical validity" by accepting propositions that cannot stand alone, "empirical verification" in that many incompatible facts actually occur, "flexibility" by keeping unidirectionality and rigidity, "practicality" by producing negative outcomes and "adaptive emotion" by triggering maladaptive emotions and behaviors. Additionally, a content analysis of three domestic irrational beliefs scales revealed several limitations: They fail to differentiate extreme responses for each item, do not conceptually focus on the relevant factor, reflect beliefs related to personal traits and situations rather than general objects, measure emotional and behavioral states instead of thoughts, and exhibit conceptual expressional overlapping. Finally, a framework for a new measurement tool was proposed to address these issues. This tool presents third-person scenarios including the core content of each Ellis's irrational belief and asks respondents to rate the similarity between their and the protagonist's thoughts. This self-reflective measurement framework is expected to reduce defensive responses commonly associated with self-report scales of irrational beliefs.

This paper examines the influence of AIGC-generated advertisements on consumers' purchase intentions, along with the moderating effects of algorithmic transparency and brand reputation in this relationship. Employing an academic framework of “problem orientation - theoretical construction - empirical verification,” the study reveals that while AIGC advertisements have certain negative impacts, algorithmic transparency and brand reputation can form a dual moderating mechanism. These findings provide theoretical foundations and practical implications for the development of the advertising industry in the AIGC era.

본 연구는 취약점 분석 평가 수행 시 N/A 점검항목이 보안 수준 결과에 미치는 영향 정도를 분석하였다. 이를 위하여, 본 논문에서는 취약점 분석 평가 범위 및 점검항목과 정량적 산출 방식을 이용하였으며, 항목의 중요성에 따른 등급과 가중치를 부여하였다. 또한, 주위 환경과 IT 기술 발달로 기관은 항상 위험에 노출되어 있으므로 위험 허용 수준을 적용하여 실증적 분석을 수행하였다. 분석한 결과, N/A 점검항목이 보안 수준에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 증명되었다. 즉, 취약점 분석 평가 수행 시 기관 특성상 연계성이 없는 점검항목은 제외시켜야 하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 실증검증을 토대로 기관 특성과 연계성을 갖지 않는 항목을 제외한 후 보안 수준 평가를 수행해야 함을 시사 하였으며, 기관 특성을 고려한 취약점 분석 평가 점검항목 정립 모델 연구가 필요함을 제시하였다. This study analyzed that N/A check items affect the results of the security level degree, when performing vulnerability analysis evaluation. For this, we were used vulnerability analysis evaluation range, check items and quantitative calculation method. Furthermore, were applied grade and weight for the importance of the items. In addition, because technology develop rapidly, the institution is always exposed risk. therefore, this study was carried out empirical analysis by applying RAL(Risk Acceptabel Level). According to the analyzed result N/A check items factors affecting the level of security has been proven. In other words, this study found that we shall exclude inspection items irrelevant to the institution characteristics, when perform vulnerability analysis evaluation. In this study suggested that security level evaluation shall performed, after that exclude items irrelevant to the institution characteristics based on empirical verification. And also, it proposed that model research is required for establish check items for which analysis-evaluate vulnerability based on empirical verification.

The researcher investigated and explored a solution of non-directed or no hint of mathematics problems presented visually or algebraic, and to embed the empirical verification thinking. The tip is a way to solve, so the students can answer the questions based on their state of mind by observing their trajectories of thinking from the steps of the solution. That is conducted at the Mathematics Education Department of Tanjungpura University at West Borneo of Indonesia for two semesters. The problems are from Researcher Repertoire, test item of Teacher Profession Education of National Indonesia, and Flanders Mathematics Olympiad. Before the issues given to the students, the construct validity has calculated from intake participants using Cramer’ Test with C coefficient is equal to 0.83. We analyze the students’ empirical verification thinking of their solutions. The analysis is about the trend of the thinking, model of representation, and completeness of the logical steps. The results are: the pattern of thinking tends to linear model or of meta-pattern, the description tends to be non-linear or varies of the solution, and the logical steps tend to be a non-recognizable form of thinking. In general, the more visual representations, the less thinking models of the representations; the answers based on algebraic thinking; the visual illustrations are limited, where the algebraic without any manipulation and not need any hint; and the visual images used are part of it in solving the problems and no manipulation.

debt costs. The argument is that the collection of deferred tax from the utility's customers now rather than in the future will lessen the financial risk of the company. In turn, this reduction in risk will be perceived by investors and therefore the risk premium incorporated in bond rates will be reduced. While financial institutions may contend tax normalization will improve a utility's credit rating,' empirical verification is still lacking. The purpose of this study is to attempt to fill this gap by identifying empirically the nature and extent of the impact of tax normalization on utility company bond rates. The method employed is an econometric model incorporating several principal determinants of bond rates, including explicit allowance for the existence or otherwise of tax normalization.2 The model is in part an extension of earlier work by Kinsman [7]. The data on which the model is estimated are drawn from electric utilities in the United States, 1962-76. Our principal empirical finding based on pooled cross-section, time series data is unambiguous. In the 1970's, the yield on debt capital floated by an electric utility enjoying tax normalization was significantly lower than for a firm on flowthrough, other things equal. The magnitude of the yield reduction was about 35 basis points, much larger than that estimated for the 1960's, when the magnitude was apparently only 4-6 basis points.

To elucidate the mechanism of Banxia Houpo Decoction (BHD) in treating gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) by integrating and utilizing the compound analysis, network pharmacology, and empirical verification. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) was utilized to identify the primary compounds in BHD. Network pharmacology was employed to retrieve target genes. A GERD rat model was developed and 32 SD rats were randomly divided into model, BHD-L (3 g/kg), BHD-H (6 g/kg), and mosapride (0.75 mg/kg) groups using a random number table, 8 rats in each group. Eight rats without the construction of a GERD model were selected as the blank group. Esophageal damage was evaluated through visualization and histopathology evaluation. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in serum and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) were determined by ELISA. LES contractility was measured with a force transducer, and serotonin transporter (SERT) and 5-HT4R expressions in LES were assessed by RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. UPLC-HRMS analysis identified 37 absorption peaks and 157 compounds in BHD. Functional enrichment identified SERT as a significant target for LES contractility. Histopathological findings indicated less severe esophageal mucosal damage in the BHD-H group compared with the model group. Although serum 5-HT levels showed no significant difference, 5-HT concentration in LES tissue was notably higher in the BHD-H group (P<0.05). Within the range from 10-10 to 10-7 mmol/L, LES contractility in the BHD-H and mosapride groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). Within the range from 3 × 10-7 to 3 × 10-6 mmol/L 5-HT, LES contractility in the BHD-H group was increased (P<0.05). No significant difference was detected within the range from 10-5 to 10-4 mmol/L 5-HT. Notably, SERT expression in the BHD-H group assessed by RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were significantly lower than that in the model group (all P<0.01); while 5-HT4R expression remained unchanged. BHD may increase LES contractility by inhibiting SERT expression in LES tissue.

(1979). Empirical Verification and Theory Selection: The Keynesian-Monetarist Debate. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 973-982.

The deficiency of today’s science and mathematics becomes obvious from the point of view of the 16 Methods of Reason of Culture Level Quotient (CLQ) of post-science. Post-science has bridged the gap between mathematical and/or logical rigor and reality. The scientific method based on empirical verification is not the only method for discovering knowledge of reality. Methods of reason accept different standards of rigor under different cultures. In particular, social and life sciences involve infinity and permanence, which cannot be empirically verified, and their solutions need to be accepted based on complete mathematical and/or logical rigor. There are 16 distinct methods of reasoning that can be identified and can be used to measure the cultural level of a person or a society. The 16 Methods of Reason are the combination of the 4 basic methods of reasoning: 1) Logic, 2) Mathematics, 3) Empirical Verification, and 4) Faith, each of which has 2 forms: 1) Incomplete and 2) Complete and two types: 1) Exact and 2) Fuzzy. The 16 Methods of Reason are arranged in the order of cultural level from the lowest 1 dealing with problems of lowest complexity to the highest 16 dealing with problems of greatest complexity.

The subject of the study is an analysis of some provisions of the current legislation in the field of public procurement with a focus on the criteria for their award. As a result, some weaknesses in the national legislation have been identified, which are an obstacle to the implementation of measures financed through the Cohesion Fund (CF) of the European Union (EU) in the “Water” sector. The conclusions established during a comparative analysis against the applicable secondary law of the Union can serve as proposals for legislative amendments, since the identified imperfections have a negative impact not only on the sector, but also on the whole in the management of public resources in conditions of limitations on their size. In a practical aspect, the research aims (and the end result) to make a connection between gaps in the national regulatory framework regarding the awarding of contracts for public procurement and their influence regarding the state of operators in the “Water” sector, and in – broad aspect – the permanent impossibility of achieving compliance with EU law in the sector caused by them. Regarding the research methodology, methods such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparative analysis and comparison, and in cases where it is possible and applicable – empirical verification have been applied. In addition, processing of data acquired in the course of the research is applied (case law available).

평생학습강사는 지식과 학습을 연계하여 가치를 창출하는 학습경제의 실천가로 주목된다. 본 연구는 평생학습강사가 경험하는 학습경제의 실천과정과 현상에 관한 해석적 탐구, 실증적 검증, 혼합분석을 통해 핵심 개념과 원리를 도출하여 학습경제 실천모형을 개발하는 것에 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같이 세 가지로 확인되었다. 첫째, 해석적 탐구 결과, 학습경제 실천에 대한 8개 유형주제 및 25개 상세주제로 범주화되었다. 둘째, 실증적 검증 결과, 9개의 요인으로 도출되었고, 표본의 학습경제에 대한 인식 및 실천 수준은 높은 것으로 확인되었으며, 모집단의 인식 및 실천 수준도 높은 것으로 예측할 수 있었다. 셋째, 혼합분석 결과, 해석적 탐구와 실증적 검증을 통해서 학습경제 실천과 관련된 핵심 개념들을 6개 구성요소로 형성하였으며, 이를 토대로 평생학습강사의 학습경제 실천을 설명할 수 있는 모형을 개발하였다.Lifelong learning lecturers are noted as practitioners of learning economy that creates value by linking knowledge and learning. The purpose of this study is to develop a learning economy practice model by deriving core concepts and principles through interpretive inquiry, empirical verification, and mixed analysis of the practice process and phenomenon of the learning economy experienced by lifelong learning lecturers. The results of this study were as follows: First, as a result of interpretive inquiry, 8 types of learning economic practice and 25 detailed topics were categorized. Second, as a result of empirical verification, it was derived as nine factors and the recognition and practice level of the sample about the learning economy was very high, and the population was also highly predicted overall. Third, as a result of the mixed analysis, the core concepts related to the practice of learning economy were formed into six components through analytical inquiry and empirical verification, and based on this; a model was developed to explain the practice of learning economy of lifelong learning lecturers.