Abstract
Even though inanimate and unresponsive, a duck decoy produced much stronger imprinting of ducklings than a human being, indicating specific innate knowledge of the visual characteristics of the species as the parental object to be learned. While simultaneous imprinting of ducklings has been avoided by researchers because of possible imprinting to siblings, it was found to be just as effective as individual exposure in producing an attachment to the decoy. These findings indicate the importance of examining factors present in the natural situation in order to understand imprinting as an innately programmed process.
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