Injusticia ambiental, crisis rural y turismo de base local: una respuesta Mapuche a la mayor crisis ambiental del sur de Chile

Background: Community-based tourism has been promoted as a strategy for the reduction of poverty, with the potential to improve the sustainability of marginalized regions and communities. The locals of Baseco have low wages, unsecured employment, and limited access to primary services like education, healthcare, sanitation, and adequate shelter. Methods: The study determines the relationship between the local government views on community-based tourism and their level of contributions to the community-based tourism for the Baseco’s socio-economic sustainability development. The researchers had two distinct categories of respondents to get the perspectives of all parties involved in the study’s beneficial result. Using the quantitative method and the purposive sampling technique, there were one hundred thirty (130) respondents through online survey questionnaires. The data of the respondents were examined using a Likert scale, and the collected information was statistically analyzed using frequency, weighted mean, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Findings: Using the elements of community-based tourism such as: (1) resource conservation; (2) social and economic development; (3) empowerment and ownership; and (4) quality visitor experience, the participants determine the impact of community-based tourism to the community. The result indicates a moderately strong positive relationship between the viewed community-based tourism socio-economic activity of the local government unit in Baseco and the perceived level of possible contributions to its community-based socio-economic sustainability. Moreover, the result from the local community of Baseco indicates a strong agreement and satisfaction with the possible implementation of community-based tourism in Baseco. Conclusion: The residents firmly support and express pleasure with the implementation of community-based tourism as shown in the data. Novelty/Originality of this Study: The novelty CBT in Baseco, Manila, a highly urbanized informal settlement, emphasizing the potential for socio-economic and sustainable development through local government and community collaboration, which has not been extensively documented before.

This chapter discusses the development of community-based tourism initiatives in Ngamiland District. It assesses the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of community-based tourism and also discusses challenges facing community-based tourism in the district. In Ngamiland District, located in the north-western part of Botswana, community-based natural resource management implementation has taken the form of community-based tourism. The implementation of community-based tourism in Ngamiland District is based on the idea that economic development should conform to the principles of sustainable development. Community-based tourism should therefore demonstrate the extent to which traditional and modern natural resource management practices can be fused to achieve a higher degree of sustainability in Ngamiland. The implementation of community-based tourism in Ngamiland District has resulted in some positive environmental impact. The predominantly foreign-owned tourism industry in Maun makes the tourism industry to have a minimal effect on rural development in Ngamiland District and Botswana as much of the tourism-generated revenue by safari companies is not retained within the district or the country.

Community based tourism (CBT) initiatives, for example, community-based homestay tourism, have been widely appreciated by its supporters for their potential to empower destination communities. Although these kinds of tourism practices are widespread and promoted as a means to empower local people in the destination area, the influence of CBT on local community empowerment remains an underexplored theme. There are some exceptions. For example, Ramos and Prideaux (2014) studied various aspects of empowerment in the context of a Mayan community in Guatemala. Similarly, Dolezal (2015) investigated psychological and social empowerment in rural villages of Indonesia. Nevertheless, empowerment in tourism studies is still an emerging area of inquiry. This is particularly so for Nepal, where there is a lack of critical empirical research investigating whether these initiatives are delivering the expected outcomes. This is despite the fact that the Nepalese government promotes community-based tourism initiatives, for example homestay tourism aggressively as an empowerment tool for the overall development of rural communities. Thus, in order to address this knowledge deficit, this research examines two community-based homestay projects in Nepal. It explores the extent to which community members’ feel empowered or disempowered as a result of homestay practices. This study furthers debates about the implementation of CBT initiatives as a tool to empower the host destination community residents by developing an understanding from not only the perspectives of the people directly involved in community-based homestay tourism, but also from the viewpoints of the people not directly involved in CBT projects. The research was conducted in two community-managed homestay destinations in Nepal, namely Ghale Gaun Community Homestay and Dalla Gaun Community Homestay, which are run by two different indigenous communities in two different geographical locations. The levels of empowerment were assessed by adopting Scheyvens’ (1999) empowerment framework, which offers equal emphasis to multiple dimensions of empowerment - economic, social, psychological and political. A qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews and participant observation was employed to examine the local peoples’ attitudes, feelings and perspectives about how homestay tourism is economically, socially, psychologically and politically empowering or disempowering them. The evidence suggests some similarities and differences between the two sites. For instance, the residents of both communities identified positive contributions of homestay practice to economic empowerment. However, Ghale Gaun residents demonstrated a higher level of economic empowerment compared to the inhabitants of Dalla Gaun. Socially, Ghale Gaun residents confirmed the social empowerment enhancement in the form of increased cohesiveness, whereas Dalla Gaun residents advised social disempowerment in the form of deteriorating cooperation between each other. In relation to psychological empowerment, both communities acknowledged the support of homestay to promoting their self-esteem and pride in natural, traditional and cultural heritage. Similarly, psychological empowerment was also reflected in the reported increased levels of confidence to engage with people outside of the immediate respective communities. However, these two villages demonstrated remarkable differences in terms of political empowerment as the respondents of Dalla Gaun revealed lower levels of political empowerment in comparison to Ghale Gaun residents. Overall, based on these findings, this thesis concludes that various levels of empowerment can be achieved through community engagement in tourism activities and decision-making processes.

Community-Based Tourism (CBT) has been presented as an alternative to sustaining tourism development in developing countries. This tourism model offers local residents an opportunity to manage natural and cultural resources in order to promote the local economy and generate greater benefits. The objective of the study is to investigate the benefits and challenges of CBT as well as solutions to address identified shortcomings by studying Muen Ngoen Kong community in Chiang Mai, Thailand. In order to achieve these objectives, qualitative methods, field observations, and interviews were employed, and qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The results of the field observation and interview data from local residents were reported, analyzed, and discussed. To practice CBT, the findings indicated that several challenges had been experienced in the implementation of CBT, including conflict over resource ownership and benefit leaking, financial issues, and problems of community participation. However, an abundance of tourism resources and security related concerns were identified as benefits of CBT in the area. In close collaboration with government agencies, product development was recommended to create a unique condition for CBT and address the shortcomings. It is crucial to involve local residents, empower the local community, conserve and cultivate cultural resources, and, finally, to maintain the overall sustainability of tourism resources.

This study aimed to collect primary data on the roles of stakeholders and local communities, as well as the implementation of community-based tourism (CBT), in contributing to the success of the Royal Project of the Village Transformation Program in Kuala Perlis, which seeks to transform it into a kampung warna warni. To collect information, methodologies such as ethnographic observation were used to document the current location, available packages, and tourism infrastructure in this area. The study’s results revealed that community-based tourism (CBT) empowerment succeeded in this area due to strong commitment from stakeholders, enabling local communities to participate actively in the tourism industry and contribute to the development of the tourism hospitality sector. This study demonstrates the success of community-based tourism (CBT) empowerment, as highlighted by stakeholders in the state of Perlis, aligning with the UNESCO approach of “leaving no one behind” in tourism activities.

Karangrejo Tourism Village is one of the tourism villages that implements Community-Based Tourism (CBT) as the main strategy in managing and developing local tourism. Through active community involvement in various initiatives such as tour guide services, empowerment through the Sumber Makmur Organic Farmers Association (PPOSM), development of Kampung Organic agrotourism, provision of homestays based on local wisdom, as well as environmental cleaning and education activities, CBT has succeeded in improving economic welfare and maintaining environmental sustainability. This study aims to explore the context of environmental sustainability that arises with tourism using the CBT model. The method used in this study is qualitative-descriptive using primary and secondary data obtained through interviews and document studies by reviewing relevant sources. The data shows that village income reached 2 billion rupiah, reflecting a positive contribution from the implementation of CBT. The success of Karangrejo Village in implementing CBT shows that with the right strategy and strong community participation, community-based tourism can be a model for developing sustainable tourism villages that provide economic, social, and environmental benefits holistically. This study underlines the importance of CBT management in supporting sustainability for the environment and provides recommendations for other regions to develop it.

Introduction/Main Objectives: The development of Bermi Eco Park Village Tourism Destination in Probolinggo Regency represents an effort to create a sustainable and inclusive tourism model through the Community-Based Tourism (CBT) approach, where local communities act not merely as beneficiaries, but as key agents of planning, management, and innovation. This study aims to analyze the application of CBT principles in strengthening community capacity, enhancing institutional roles, and improving the equitable distribution of economic benefits in rural tourism. Research Methods: Using a qualitative descriptive method with a library research approach, data were collected from relevant books, journals, and policy documents, then analyzed through an interactive model consisting of data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. Finding/Results: The findings reveal that the implementation of CBT in Bermi Eco Park remains constrained by limited management capacity, insufficient human resources, and low community participation, yet offers significant potential in developing eco-education-based attractions and creative industries. Conclusion: The synergy among local institutions such as village-owned enterprises, tourism awareness groups, and local government is crucial to ensure fairness, ecological balance, and cultural preservation. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of community empowerment in rural tourism and offers a practical framework for sustainable tourism development, emphasizing that success lies in harmony between people, nature, and culture.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact in various fields, especially in the tourism sector which also has an impact on the country's economy. The central and local governments are currently doing various methods, including the Sekapuk Village Government. In the midst of the current pandemic, Sekapuk Village has succeeded in increasing village income as a source of economic resilience from tourism. Sekapuk Village has also achieved various achievements. This is inseparable from the support from the community. The purpose of this research is to see the application of the principles of Community Based Tourism (CBT) in the Development of Tourism Villages in Sekapuk Village, Ujungpangkah District, Gresik Regency. This type of research used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of CBT in Sekapuk Village has not been implemented as a whole. In the planning principle, the community has not played an active role. Then on the principle of implementation, the community has played an active role and participated in tourism ownership. Furthermore, the impact and benefits have been felt by the community significantly

Community-based tourism (CBT) development is a strategic approach to improving community welfare, particularly in rural areas rich in natural and cultural resources. Embung Tanjung Anom, located in Central Lampung Regency, is one such local destination that has been developed through active community participation under the CBT concept. However, the implementation of CBT still faces various challenges, such as inadequate infrastructure, limited human resource capacity, and weak promotional and institutional management. This study aims to analyze the application of CBT principles, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and formulate strategic models for developing community-based tourism potential in Embung Tanjung Anom. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed, using data collection techniques including interviews, observations, and documentation, with SWOT analysis as the analytical tool. The findings indicate that the Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis), largely comprised of local youth, plays a central role in organizing attractions and promoting the site. However, tourism development remains suboptimal due to unequal distribution of economic benefits, lack of tourism education and training, and poor road access. Development strategies are directed towards strengthening tourism education, enhancing digital promotion through collaboration with tourism influencers, and positioning Embung Tanjung Anom as a leading tourism destination in the region. This study proposes a strategic model for community-based tourism development that emphasizes synergy among communities, government, and the private sector to achieve sustainable tourism outcomes. Keywords: Community-Based Tourism, Embung Tanjung Anom, Pokdarwis, development strategy, sustainable tourism.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of community-based tourism (CBT) at the tourist village in the local people’s perspective. The data were collected through observation, interview and library research. The key informant was local community who understands implementation of CBT at tourist village, with total 200 respondents. The result shows that the CBT has been well implemented at tourist village. The community perceives that, among the 20 statements mentioned in questionnaire, 2 items show that the local people’s perception is very good and 18 is good, meaning that CBT have economically, socially, culturally, environmentally, and politically contributed to them. The test result of the CFA shows that 5 factors have significantly contributed to the implementation of the CBT at tourist village. The result of each variable shows that 19 variables have contributed significantly, only one has not significantly contributed.

Community-based tourism (CBT) is a term that has various interpretations, which in its implementation has led to a long debate among scholars and practitioners. Community involvement in tourism development, which is a crucial issue in CBT, is often questionable and often cannot be implemented in reality. Some of the reasons for this include a lack of understanding and practical experience with CBT. This paper aims to discuss the implementation of CBT, particularly as an instructive review of the CBT literature to synthesize key elements regarding the community's capabilities and participation in the development of tourism destinations. Various literatures show that local communities' knowledge and ability in developing tourist destinations is an effective key in supporting the implementation of CBT for sustainable tourism development. In addition, the community's capability to participate in tourism development directly requires the attention of stakeholders and government officials so that it can be a key support for community-based tourism development.

To encourage a community’s role in the field of tourism, the local government of Central Java, Indonesia promotes a Community Based Tourism (CBT) as a tourism development for the sustainable economy. It involves the community in decision-making processes, especially related to the acquisition of income, employment, and the preservation of the environment, and culture of the indigenous people. This research aimed to determine communication activities in the implementation of CBT. The theory used was tourism communication using Attention, Interest, Desire, Action (AIDA) model. Then, the method was a case study by choosing Dieng as a tourist destination, and the tourism communication activities were undertaken in Dieng’s society, especially in the activities of Dieng Culture Festival (DCF). The results show that the tourism communication activities involving the community, POKDARWIS (Kelompok Sadar Wisata - Tourism Awareness Group), tourism advocates, and local governments should pay attention to the cultural and natural tourism potentials, and empower the local communities.

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the impact of community-based tourism (CBT) practices in Ciasmara Village, Bogor Regency, specifically focusing on the social and economic benefits to the community. The study aims to understand how traditional management of community-based tourism affects the local population and to identify potential differences in economic impacts between residents living near tourist sites and those residing farther away. Method: The research methodology employed a purposive sampling approach, selecting 210 respondents from the community. The study utilized various data analysis techniques, including average score calculations and analysis of variance (ANOVA). These methods were applied to assess the social and economic impacts of community-based tourism practices in Ciasmara Village. Result: The research findings indicate that the implementation of community-based tourism in Ciasmara Village has led to positive economic and social outcomes for the community. However, a noteworthy observation is the divergence in economic impacts between residents living in close proximity to tourist sites and those residing farther away. The study's analysis, conducted through techniques such as average score calculations and ANOVA, reveals these differences in the economic trends experienced by these two groups within the community. Conclusion: In conclusion, community-based tourism practices in Ciasmara Village have yielded positive economic and social effects on the local population. However, the study highlights disparities in economic impacts based on residents' proximity to tourist sites. This nuanced understanding underscores the importance of considering the geographical distribution of these impacts when planning and implementing community-based tourism initiatives. Such insights are crucial for ensuring equitable and sustainable development in rural areas, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies that address the specific needs and challenges faced by different segments of the community.

This paper provides a review of literature and synthesis of community-based tourism in Botswana by examining the issues associated with its conception, design and implementation. The paper is principally guided by the concept of sustainable tourism development. Results indicate that the concept of community-based tourism in Botswana can be traced to the commencement of Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM), which has its successes and challenges. The paper’s findings show the following challenges: community definition problems; multi-stakeholder participation, diversity and heterogeneity; deficiency in business acumen; lack of income distribution plans and reinvestment priorities and passive community participation. In view of the above, the future might be more challenging for the realisation of sustainable community-based tourism (CBT). The paper concludes with recommendations that may assist in improving the organisation, structure and implementation of community-based tourism in Botswana to ensure sustainability in community-based tourism development.

Karangrejo Tourism Village, Borobudur District, Magelang Regency, Central Java Province applies the concept of Community Based Tourism (CBT) in tourism management by involving various stakeholders in it. However, in its management, not all stakeholders have the same power and interest, as well as the roles they have. Through this study, the mapping of stakeholders and their roles in tourism management in Karangrejo Tourism Village will be further described. This study uses a qualitative method to map stakeholders who play a role in the development and management of Karangrejo Tourism Village using primary and secondary data through interviews, observations, and literature studies. The results of the study show that the implementation of CBT in Karangrejo Tourism Village has a positive impact on the economic, social, cultural, environmental, and political dimensions. Also the differences in power and interest and roles between stakeholders, including local communities, government apparatus (village and regional), the private sector, and international organizations. The conclusion of the study highlights the success of the implementation of CBT and the importance of mapping the stakeholders involved to avoid overlapping roles and increase collaboration between them.