Initial Fire DisposalTechnology for Electric Wires:Active Fire Prevention and Extinguishing Concepts

Wood stack fire tests to evaluate the influence of extinguishing medium and driving pressure on fire extinguishing efficacy of forest trees

Reliability study of fire suppression using dodecafluoro-2-methylpentan-3-one in small-sized confined space: From a temperature and gaseous products viewpoint

Sustained effect of dry water in a thermal environment after fire extinguishing: Fuel surface coating methods

Introduction. Fires of voltage-carrying electrical units are most dangerous and difficult to put out. Personnel of fire emergency response units are at high risk of electric shock when extinguishing such fires. Electrical units have recently obtained a new are of application, that is, electric cars. Electric car design entails the use of high-capacity batteries and high voltage electrical equipment, which pose a higher fire hazard. The objective of this article is to analyze potential assets to be protected and assess existing electrical fire extinguishing methods to substantiate principal areas of research into design of safe fire extinguishing systems designated for electrical units installed on motor vehicles.Main (Analytical) part. The fire extinguishing of the items, that have electrical units to be extinguished without any electricity outage, must be performed by the fire departments that have appropriately trained and equipped personnel. However, in the event of an electric car fire, it is impossible to forecast which fire department will be nearby and how well it will be equipped. The design features of electric vehicles show that potential sources of the fire hazard include lithium batteries and electrical circuit elements. These factors explain the need to consider the problem of extinguishing self-contained electrical fires inside motor vehicles from the standpoint of electrical safety. It is suggested to identify the fire extinguishing method in furtherance of the analysis of a set of principal fire extinguishing methods with regard for the design of efficient firefighting appliances that ensure safe extinguishing of electric car fires.Conclusions. It is expedient to use the pulse application of a fire-extinguishing agent that prevents current leakage while extinguishing various types of electrical appliances, including those installed on motor vehicles. The effects of exothermic reactions, involving lithium-containing elements, were not analyzed when solving this problem. This research will serve as the basis for conceptual technological solutions designated for fire emergency response units responsible for extinguishing electric car fires.

Live electrical wire in the operating room: a review of the literature

As there was no objective date on the fire extinguishing mechanism and performance of potassium nitrate-based small space fire extinguisher that can automatically extinguish fires in small spaces (less than 0.36 ㎡) such as distribution boards and distribution boards, we attemped to conduct basic research on this. We sought to confirm the importance of fires in switchboards and other devices through fire statistical analysis of electrical factors, and analyzed fire extinguishing mechanisms that react with heat based on potassium nitrate. We also sought to determine the interconnectivity of related variables through Class A fire extinguishing tests. Through analysis of fire statistics, the importance of electrical fires was confirmed and the cause of fire in the switchboard was investigated. By investigating its composition, it was found that it was a safe material that could be used for fire extinguishing, and that in the event of a fire, the thermal decomposition of KNO3 produced condensed aerosol particles, K2CO3, which could extinguish the fire. Through the Class A fire extinguishing test of the switchboard, it was confirmed that the fire could be reliably extinguished. The following conclusions were drawn through this study. 1. Analysis of fire statistics confirmed that electrical factors were the biggest cause of fire and that fires caused among this short circuit and insulation deterioration were the main causes. 2. The fire risk of switchboards, distribution boards, etc. was confirmed, and it was found that it was necessary to install simple fire extinguishers for small spaces that can quickly respond to and extinguish fires. 3. The fire extinguishing mechanism of potassium nitrate was confirmed to extinguish the fire by generating condensed aerosol particles, K2CO3, through thermal decomposition of KNO3 when a fire occurs. 4. Through the Class A fire extinguishing performance test, it was confirmed that there was a relationship between fire extinguishing delay time, weight, and volume, and the relationship could be expressed as , and it was found that a value of 1 or more is required for fire extinguishing.

The fire at the Coupang Deokpyeong Logistics Center has spurred studies to reduce the damage caused by multi-tap electrical fires. One solution is a microcapsule fire extinguishing patch with a built-in fire extinguishing agent. To confirm the efficacy of the fire extinguishing patch in curtailing electrical fires, a complex electrical fire in a multi-tap due to overload and tracking was simulated. In the absence of the fire extinguishing patch, continuous flame discharge occurred as the overcurrent reacted with internal combustibles, resulting in a short circuit due to final tracking and a risk of exposure to flames at 1,187s. In contrast, when an overload was applied to the multi-tap with the fire extinguishing patch for 2,400 s, the fire extinguishing agent stored in the microcapsule was released, preventing ignition of the combustibles inside the multi-tap and the formation of the carbonic electric conductive pass due to cooling, suffocation, and anticatalyst effects. Therefore, the overload did not lead to a fire, confirming the ability of the patch to retard electrical fires in the multi-tap. Evaluation of the effect of the location of the fire extinguishing patch showed that the fire extinguishing effect was most significant when the fire extinguishing patch was attached inside the multi-tap.

Introduction. Fire brigades carry out actions to extinguish fires in buildings in conditions of insufficient visibility. To increase the probability of extinguishing a fire by the first arriving unit, it is necessary to improve their information support. For information support for fire brigades control, it is suggested to use shortwave infrared range monitoring tools. The results of assessing the degree of influence of factors (smoke conditions and the availability of short-wave infrared range means) on the information support of fire brigades when extinguishing fires in buildings are presented. Goals and objectives. The aim of the study is to improve the information support of fire brigades based on the use of short-wave infrared monitoring tools when extinguishing fires in buildings. The objectives of the study are to build a factor model, determine the level of significance of factors – conditions for information support of fire departments and smoke conditions during a fire in a building, and analyze the results obtained. Methods. When conducting the research on constructing a factor model and determining the degree of influence of factors on the information support of fire brigades when extinguishing fires in buildings, scientific methods were used: analysis, synthesis, factor experiment, statistical processing of experimental data. Results and discussion. The results of the evaluation of the influence of factors on the information support of fire brigades showed that both factors – the degree of smoke and the availability of short-wave infrared monitoring tools are significant. In turn, improved information support conditions increase the likelihood of conducting a fire reconnaissance in the building. The results of the study can be used in the educational process when training personnel of fire brigades to practice professional skills. Conclusions. A factor model was built, which made it possible to determine the degree of influence of factors on the information support of fire departments when extinguishing fires in a building. It was found that the factors – smoke conditions and the availability of short-wave infrared monitoring tools are significant for information support of fire department management when extinguishing fires in a building. Keywords: visibility, smoke degree, short-wave infrared range, the source of fire.

Preliminary study on extinguishing shielded fire with water mist

As residential firefighting facilities are mandatory, the market of fire extinguishers in various colors has been formed, breaking from the typical colors of the existing fire extinguishers for home use. However, it has not yet been confirmed if they are optimized for the initial fire suppression response, which is the essence of the fire extinguisher use. Thus, this study aims to look for and propose the colors preferentially required for fire extinguishers for home use and the method for applying them. As for a research method, first, this study analyzed the matters prioritized for fire extinguishers centering around the research on the related regulations and literature and analyzed the present state of the colors of the existing fire extinguishers for home use to examine them with the NCS color system. Second, coming up with a method for making up for the problems of fire extinguishers for home based on the results of the color analysis, a color plan was proposed. Third, to verify the efficacy of the color plan, this study conducted an online survey with 100 men and women in all age groups. The results of this study are as follows: It is also important to apply the safety colors and safety signs easy to recognize to fire extinguishers for home use as well in order to cope with fire, and to do so, this study proposed the method for attaching tags and holders with safety signs. As a result of the survey of the proposal, 80% of the subjects not recognized with fire extinguishers for home use. In addition, 60% of the subjects correctly responded to the fire extinguisher to which the safety color and safety sign according to the color plan of this study as a fire extinguisher. The proposal of this study in which a safety sign in the safety color red was attached increased the identifiability as compared to the existing fire extinguishers for home use, and its effectiveness was proven to be good. Hopefully, the proposal of this study would help promote the importance of the design of fire extinguishers for home use.

Introduction. According to the statistical data, electrical fires account for the majority of all fire accidents. Hence, better fireproofing of fuel and energy facilities is a relevant issue. The article addresses electrical fire extinguishment using high-expansion foam. An extinguishment time analysis methodology, applicable to fire extinguishment using high-expansion foam, has been developed to validate these solutions. The purpose of this article is to calculate the dependence between the fire extinguishment time and the foam consumption rate. The research objectives are to 1) identify the principal values to be used in the calculations and the list of input data; 2) to identify the dependence between the extinguishment time and the foam consumption rate using packaged transformer substation 2BKTP (1,000 kVA) as an example. Calculation methodology. The calculation methodology is based on the material balance equation between the amount of foam, applied for firefighting purposes, and the amount of foam, destroyed as a result of its contact with the heated wire surface, which is the main fire load inside burning electrical facilities. Research results. The co-authors have calculated the fire suppression time using packaged transformer substation 2BKTP (1,000 kVA) as an example. Dependencies between fire extinguishment time, specific foam consumption rate, and foam application rate are identified. Conclusions. The co-authors have identified the main values, needed to simulate a fire extinguishing model. They have also shown optimal foam consumption and application rates and offered their assessment of the applicability of high-expansion foam to electrical fires.

Study on the flame radiative heat transfer and near-field radiation heat flux predictive model of vehicle fires in a tunnel

The loss of the circle of the outer floating roof oil tank wall or the loose sealing ring will cause the leakage of oil vapor and the risk of explosion and fire. Moreover, the sealing ring fire has become the main fire type of the outer floating roof oil tank.The fixed fire extinguishing system in the storage tank area in China can be divided into floating disc type and tank wall type. Through investigation, it is found that these two kinds of commonly used fixed fire extinguishing facilities have the following shortcomings when extinguishing the sealing ring fire: for example, slow start and slow fire extinguishing; negative pressure foaming, easy to absorb a large number of high temperature oil vapor, affected by the liquid level, foam loss, etc. In view of this, this paper developed a rapid fire extinguishing device with sealing ring of external floating roof tank, which adopts positive pressure foam generator and nitrogen drive, and can be linked with fiber grating system to realize fast start fire extinguishing. The full-size sealing ring fire test shows that the modified device can quickly and efficiently extinguish the initial fire of the sealing ring, spray fire extinguishing agent directly to the flame root, and the foam does not need to be closed, so it can directly extinguish the fire, effectively shorten the extinguishing time, and has a good market application prospect.

Automatic fire-extinguishing system for inhabited pressurized compartments of manned spacecraft

The Assessment of Fire Suppression Capability for the Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate Dry Powder of Commercial Fire Extinguishers