Influence on the content of phenolic compounds in leaves and berries of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) when applying encapsulated fertilizers of long-release to the soil (and the rate of release of nutrients from them) and foliar treatment with Lignohumate

Red-fleshed grapes are important breeding resources, and study of the content and composition of phenolic compounds in red-fleshed grapes is lacking. In this study, the profiles of phenolic compounds in the whole berry, flesh, and peel of thirteen red-fleshed grape (Vitis) accessions were determined for two consecutive years. The content of total phenolic compounds ranged from 4.795 to 29.875 mg g−1 FW (fresh weight) in berry, from 1.960 to 12.593 mg g−1 FW in flesh, and from 17.067 to 60.182 mg g−1 FW in peel. As expected, anthocyanins were the main phenolic compounds, accounting for 90.4, 89.4, and 94.1% of the total phenolic compounds in berry, flesh, and peel, respectively. Flavanols accounted for 36.2% of the non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds in berry, 35.3% in flesh, and 38.3% in peel. In comparison, flavonols accounted for about 11.6, 5.7, and 15.8% of the non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds in berry, flesh, and peel, respectively. Hydroxycinnamic derivatives were the most abundant non-anthocyanins and accounted for 53.8, 56.1, and 44.3% of non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds in these three tissues. The content of phenolic compounds in peel was significantly higher than that in flesh and whole berry. A significant variation in the content of total and individual phenolic compounds was observed among different red-fleshed grapes, suggesting that genetic background was an important factor affecting the accumulation of these phenolic compounds. This work represents the most comprehensive characterization of phenolic compounds profiles in red-fleshed grapes.

The primary challenge in red wine production is optimizing conditions for the accumulation of phenolic compounds in grape berries, crucial for the wine’s aroma, color, and flavor. With climate change impacting these components, it’s vital to study the transformation of carbohydrate-acid and phenolic complexes as grapes reach ripeness. This study focuses on the ‘Bastardo Magarachskiy’ grape variety and the effects of foliar mineral fertilization (NTP-Sintez LLC, Belarus) during ripening. Our findings show that experimental processing schemes enhance sugar accumulation in the berries by 1-4 g/100 cm3. The total anthocyanin potential ranged from 1187 to 1684 mg/dm3, with maximum extraction efficiency (61-65%) occurring at sugar concentrations of 21-23 g/100 cm3. Higher sugar levels led to reduced extraction efficiency. The phenolic profile was dominated by flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins, comprising 82.7% to 96.3% of total phenolics. Throughout ripening, there was a significant increase in the mass concentration of primary phenolic compounds in the berries, highlighting the importance of monitoring these changes for optimal wine production.

Phenolic compounds in berries and flowers of a natural hybrid between bilberry and lingonberry ( Vaccinium × intermedium Ruthe)

The article examines the eff ect of traditional mineral fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, superphosphate, and potassium chloride), slow-release complex fertilizers (Osmocote, Ruscote), and foliar treatment with lignohumate on the macronutrients content (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), phenolic compounds, and anthocyanins in the leaves and berries of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) over a three-year experiment. Th e research was conducted on one-year#old seedlings in the soil station at Moscow State University. Th e highest phenolic compound content was observed in leaves with the application of traditional fertilizers (1.9 mg GAE · g–1 DW) and Osmocote (1.8 mg GAE · g–1 DW) in 2022. Th e highest phenolic concentration in berries (1.1 mg GAE · g–1 DW) was recorded in 2023 with traditional fertilizers. Positive correlations were identifi ed between macronutrient content in soil and plants and the phenolic compound levels in plant samples, highlighting the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus in their biosynthesis. It was found that fertilization reduced anthocyanin concentrations in berries (from 196.7–219.5 to 105.3–111.7 mg · kg–1fresh weight), which might be attributed to reduced plant stress. Th e highest nitrogen accumulation in leaves and berries was observed with traditional fertilizers (1.9% and 1.1%, respectively), while the highest phosphorus and potassium levels were recorded with Ruscote (phosphorus: 0.8% and 0.6%, respectively; potassium: 1.2% and 0.7%, respectively). Th e fi ndings emphasize the importance of optimizing fertilization practices to enhance the nutritional value and antioxidant potential of black currants.

Modeling of the evolution of phenolic compounds in berries of “Italia” table grape cultivar using response surface methodology

Multiple health benefits associated with phenolic compounds have raised the interest in the contents of these plant metabolites in foods. Several phenolic compounds were quantified from berries of Ribes nigrum (black and green currants) and Ribes x pallidum (red and white currants), by using sequential extraction with ethyl acetate and methanol and an optimized reversed-phase HPLC method with diode array detection. The highest contents of anthocyanins (3,011 mg/kg fresh weight, expressed as the aglycon) and flavonol glycosides (100 mg/kg) were found in black currant. The lack of anthocyanins in the colorless (green, white) berries was associated with increased levels of phenolic acids, especially p-coumaric acid (80 mg/kg in green currant vs. 45 mg/kg in black currant) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (18 mg/kg in white currant vs. 3 mg/kg in red currant). Previously, proanthocyanidins have not been quantified from berries. This study showed that the contents of extractable (22-41 mg/kg) and nonextractable proanthocyanidins (32-108 mg/kg) are comparable to those of other phenolics, with the exception of anthocyanins in black currant. Our results suggest that anthocyanins dominate in black and red currants, whereas proanthocyanidins and phenolic acids are the predominant phenolic compounds in green and white currants.

Variations between fruit cultivars can significantly impact their biochemical composition. The present research examined the variability in the qualitative and quantitative content of phenolic compounds in berry extracts of Actinidia kolomikta and Actinidia arguta cultivars. Additionally, antioxidant activities of berry extracts were evaluated. The total phenolic, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin contents and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were determined using the appropriate methodologies. The average amount of phenolic compounds in A. kolomikta berries (177.80 mg/g) was three times higher than that of A. arguta (54.45 mg/g). Our findings revealed that berries of A. kolomikta and A. arguta accumulated, on average, 1.58 RE/g DW (rutin equivalent/g dry weight) and 0.615 mg RE/g DW of total flavonoids, 1439.31 mg EE/g DW (epicatechin equivalent/g dry weight) and 439.97 mg EE/g DW of proanthocyanidins, and 23.51 mg CAE/g DW (chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry weight) and 5.65 mg CAE/g DW of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, respectively. The cultivars of both species were characterized by higher antioxidant activity of total phenolic compounds determined using CUPRAC and FRAP methods compared to the ABTS•+ method. The variability in phenolic compounds' qualitative and quantitative content in tested berry extracts was evaluated by applying ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry in tandem with electrospray ionization. Significant intraspecific differences in the amounts of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid compounds, proanthocyanidins, and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were determined among cultivars. Four phenolic acids, eight flavonols, two flavones, and five flavon-3-ols were identified in the berry extracts.

The Influence of Slow-Release Complex Fertilizers and Foliar Treatment with Lignohumate on the Content of Macroelements and Phenolic Compounds in Leaves and Berries of Black Currant (Ribes Nigrum L.)

High-performance liquid chromatography combined with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric (MS) detection was used to study phenolic compounds in berries of black, green, red, and white currants (Ribes spp.). UV-visible spectrometry was a valuable tool for the identification of the class of the phenolic compound, whereas MS and MS-MS fragmentation data were useful for further structural characterization. Distinct similarities were found in the relative distribution of conjugated forms of phenolic compounds among the four currants. Phenolic acids were found mainly as hexose esters. Flavonol glycosides and anthocyanin pigments were mainly found as 3-O-rutinosides and second as 3-O-glucosides. However, cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside and quercetin hexoside-malonate were notable phenolic compounds in red currant. Flavonol hexoside-malonates were identified and quantified in the berries of currants for the first time.

Seasonal changes in amino acids and phenolic compounds in fruits from hybrid cross populations of American grapes differing in disease resistance

The effects of postflowering temperature and daylength on the concentration of individual phenolic compounds were studied in black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) berries under controlled phytotron conditions. The four cultivars studied varied greatly in their concentrations of individual phenolic compounds and temperature stability for accumulation. The concentrations of a wide range of identified phenolic compounds were strongly influenced by temperature over the 12-24 °C range, often with opposite temperature gradient patterns for compounds within the same subclass. Accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonols increased under natural long day conditions, which provided an increased daily light integral, while under identical light energy conditions, photoperiod had little or no effect on the concentration of phenolic compounds. Furthermore, with the exception of members of the hydroxycinnamic acid subclass, the concentration of most phenolic compounds was higher in berries ripened outdoors than in the phytotron, apparently due to screening of UV-B radiation by the glass cover.

The height of millet rods depended more on the year of cultivation, the plants of the second year of vegetation, regardless of the studied factors provided higher linear measurements of plant height from 108.5 to 152.2 cm in comparison to plants of the first year of cultivation from 64.1 to 70.2 cm. higher linear measurements of plant height were obtained at a row spacing of 30 cm, both in plants of the first and second year of vegetation. In plants of the first year of vegetation from 65.2 to 70.2 cm, and in plants of the second year of vegetation from 123.5 to 152.2 cm. Lower linear measurements of plant height were observed for row spacing 45 cm from 64.1 to 69.4 cm in plants of the first year of vegetation and from 108.5 to 138.3 cm in plants of the second year of vegetation. In plants of millet twigs there are some differences in forming a number of stems depending on the year of vegetation, in plants of the first year of vegetation the highest number of stems was 30 cm wide between rows and varied from 405.1 to 443.3 pieces / m2. However, in the plants of the second year of the growing season, the highest number of stems was obtained with a row spacing of 45 cm and varied from 457.5 to 488.1 units / m2. Moreover, the highest number of stems was obtained in plants of millet twigs for sowing in the first decade of May - 429.8 and 442.6 pieces / m2 in the varieties Cave-in-Rock and Foresburg. The highest level of dry biomass yield was obtained for row spacing of 45 cm from 7.0 to 8.2 t / ha, and for row spacing of 30 cm from 6.7 to 7.5 t / ha. Plants of the second year of vegetation provided a higher level of dry biomass yield, which varied from 6.9 to 8.2 t / ha. Dry biomass yields were also affected by sowing dates, the highest mass of dry biomass was obtained during sowing in the first decade of May in Cave-in-Rock varieties - 5.7, and in Foresburg variety - 6.0 t / ha.

In this contribution, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was determined in various berries using carbon paste tyrosinase biosensor with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), coated with Nafion® layer. Electrochemical behaviour of the biosensor and influence of MWCNTs on carbon paste surface were studied with respect to the sensitive amperometric detection of total content of phenolic compounds in berries, expressed as concentration equivalent of Trolox. After optimization of key instrumental and electroanalytical parameters, the biosensor was used for determination of TEAC in blackberries, blueberries, cranberries, raspberries and strawberries by method of multiple standard additions. Electrochemical TEAC assays corresponded well with results obtained by spectrophotometric 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical method, known as DPPH assay. Obtained values were compared with those listed in the National Nutrient Database for additional antioxidant capacity assays as well.

Berries of Actinidia kolomikta (A. kolomikta) are known for high ascorbic acid content, but the diversity of phenolic compounds has been little studied. The present research aimed to investigate phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in berries and leaves of twelve A. kolomikta cultivars. The UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique was used to determine differences among cultivars in the quantitative composition of individual phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH• free radical scavenging and CUPRAC methods. In the present study, 13 phenolic compounds were detected in berries, whereas leaves contained 17 phenolic compounds. Flavonols were the primary class found in both berries and leaves; other identified phenolic compounds were flavan-3-ols, flavones and, phenolic acids; and dihydrochalcone phloridzin was identified in the leaves. The amount and variety of phenolic compounds in berries and leaves and antioxidant activity were found to be cultivar-dependent. The highest total content of phenolic compounds was found in the leaves of the cultivar ‘Aromatnaja’ and in the berries of the cultivar ‘VIR-2’. Results of this study have confirmed that berries and leaves of A. kolomikta could be a valuable raw material for both food and pharmaceutical industries.

The objective of the study was to compare the impact of three systems of multiannual fertilization applied in two long-term field experiments on the content of phenolic compounds in the soil. In the study, both natural (manure, slurry) and mineral (NPK) fertilizers were used, along with combined, organic-and-mineral fertilization. Experiment I was established in 1972 on grey brown podzolic soil; experiment II, in 1973 on brown soil. In both experiments crops were cultivated in a 7-year rotation, with a 75% share of cereals. The experimental samples were taken from the top layer of soil after 36 (experiment I) and 35 (experiment II) years following the establishment of the experiments. It was demonstrated that the presence of phenolic compounds in the soils was significantly dependent on the contents of organic C and total N, type of soil and the type and dose of used fertilizers. In grey brown podzolic soil, the content of total phenolic compounds was at a lower level than the content found in brown soil. Multiannual fertilization contributed to an increase in the content of total phenolic compounds in relation to the values obtained in control objects, which was particularly reflected in the soil originating from objects fertilized with slurry applied at a dose being equivalent to manure in terms of the amount of introduced organic carbon. The percentage of water-soluble phenols in the total content of these compounds in grey brown podzolic soil was at the level of 18.4%, while in brown soil it amounted to 29.1%.