Abstract
Energy recovery from a low temperature heat source using heat pump technology is becoming a popular application. The domestic hot water demand has the characteristic of being very irregular along the day, with periods in which the demand is very intensive and long periods in which it is quite small. In order to use heat pumps for this kind of applications efficiently, the proper sizing and design of the water storage tank is critical. In this work, the optimal sizing of the two possible tank alternatives, closed stratified tank and variable-water-volume tank, is presented, and their respective performance compared, for domestic hot water production based on low temperature energy recovery in two potential applications (grey water and ultra-low temperature district heating). The results show that the efficiency of these kind of systems is very high and that variable-water-volume tanks allow a better use of the energy source, with an 8% higher exergy efficiency and around 3% better seasonal performance factor (SPF), being able to provide similar comfort levels with a smaller system size.
Highlights
A problem that is often debated nowadays is that of the increase of the total primary energy consumption worldwide
The results corresponding to the stratified case with bypass, considering that there is no energy recovery when the subcooled HP (SHP) is switched off, are presented in Figure 6, 7 and 8
The results show that the annual energy consumption of the system increases until it reaches a value of 200 kg/h, maintaining the space area of possible configurations of SHP-tank size and later on, the energy consumption changes the trend with MWOFF and begins to decrease slowly with the increase of MWOFF
Summary
A problem that is often debated nowadays is that of the increase of the total primary energy consumption worldwide. It has several associated critical global problems like climate change or the sustainability of it derived from a limited amount of resources. Intends to address this problem with a long-term strategy promoting the use of renewable sources of energy and increasing the efficiency of the systems in order to decrease the CO2 emissions to the. According to the EU, the residential sector, which accounts for the 40% energy consumption and 36% of the CO2 emissions in Europe [2], could reduce. The average European household space heating consumption accounts for 90% of the CO2 emissions for 2050 by the introduction of the concept of near zero energy buildings (NZEB), the refurbishment of the old buildings, the replacement of the fossil fuels, the introduction of renewable energies, and the recovery of waste energy [1].
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