Abstract
Abstract A 4½ layer model is used to study intermediate-water circulation in the Pacific Ocean. Solutions are forced by annual-mean winds. They are also driven by a prescribed inflow of water through the southwestern corner of the basin [12 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1)] and a compensating outflow in layers 1, 2, and 3 through the western boundary just north of the equator; this mass exchange simulates the Pacific interocean circulation (IOC), in which intermediate water enters the South Pacific, and the same amount of upper water exits via the Indonesian passages. The water in each subsurface layer is formed by specific processes, and hence can be interpreted as corresponding to a distinct water-mass type. The types are thermocline water generated by subtropical subduction (layer 2), upper-intermediate and lower-thermocline water generated by midlatitude subduction in the North and South Pacific (NPIW and SPLTW, respectively; layer 3), and lower-intermediate water that corresponds to Antarctic Intermediate Water ...
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