Abstract
Opacities were required to increase by the divergence in the depth of the convective zone derived from the solar models and helioseismology. Recent experiments carried out on the Z-pinch, in temperature and density regimes relevant to the convective zone, have found an increase in the opacities of iron. The measured wavelength-dependent opacity is significantly higher than the theoretical calculations (Bailey et al. 2015). We consider the influence of opacity on the blue loop in the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram by adopting different metal abundances. It is shown that assuming less metal abundance favors blueward motion, which means that higher values of opacities make it more difficult to explain the observations for intermediate-mass stars.
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