Abstract
This research aims to analyse the differences in optimism, resilience, engagement and competitive anxiety as a function of the sport modality practiced in lifeguarding (individual sport) and futsal (team sport); the sport category by age (cadet or youth) and gender. The LOT-R optimism questionnaire, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) and the Competitive Anxiety Scale (SAS-2) were applied to a sample of 189 participants (139 men and 50 womwn) aged between 14 and 17 years. The following statistical tests are performed: Cronbach's alpha, Pearson's linear correlation, Student's t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene's test and multivariate linear regression. The data indicate that there are significant gender differences in total anxiety (p <0.001) and all its dimensions (somatic, worry, worry-free), also in optimism and pessimism (p < 0.001), as well as in total engagement (p = 0.051) and the absorption dimension (p < 0.001). When comparing the sample by sport categories, there are statistically significant differences in somatic anxiety (p = 0.036) and deconcentration (p = 0.034), as well as in LOT-total (p ≤ 0.001) and pessimism (p ≤ 0.001). In relation to the sport modalities, lifeguards show more anxiety 38.39 (0.49) and more commitment 4.58 (0.87) while futsal athletes reach higher scores in deconcentration 8.45 (2.29). It is concluded that the variables of commitment and resilience had a statistically significant positive effect, and the category of <16 years had a statistically significant negative effect, so the lower the category, the higher the optimism.
Highlights
Sport research related to stress and well-being factors has been widely developed in recent years (López, 2015; Barbosa and Urrea, 2018), considered as important in different sports (MorenoMurcia et al, 2006; Cano et al, 2019)
On analyzing the correlations of the different scales used in the study, we found a relationship between the level of LOTT and SR, as well as between the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES)-T and SR
Regarding the sport modality and the relationship between collective sport and individual sport, we found similar results to previous studies, such as Bohórquez and Checa (2017) and Reche et al (2018), regarding UWES-T, A-T and LOT-R Total (LOT-T) in individual sports
Summary
Sport research related to stress and well-being factors has been widely developed in recent years (López, 2015; Barbosa and Urrea, 2018), considered as important in different sports (MorenoMurcia et al, 2006; Cano et al, 2019). Previous studies have highlighted the importance of optimism as a facilitating aspect of resilience (Ferrando et al, 2002; Aranzana et al, 2016; MartínezMoreno et al, 2020), and competitive stress as a possible inducer of specific development in sport training stages, while predicting how combinations of other variables could influence the athlete It is the resilience and optimism of the individual coping strategies, which the athlete uses, Psychological Factors in Athletes that most help him or her (Galli and Vealey, 2008; Fletcher and Sarkar, 2012; García et al, 2014). The present study contributes to the literature on psychological elements affecting athletes by examining the competitive context in the disciplines of lifeguarding, individual sport and futsal team sport
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