Abstract
Interpretation of phylogenesis in the light of comparative biochemistry is currently still limited. Adaptive changes in the concentration of the FAA in response to the decrease in temperature are one of the essential features of poikilothermic animals living in areas with large temperature difference. It is purpose of this review to reveal the hierarchy of certain biochemical sign, namely the FAA that underlie of differences in invertebrate and vertebrate poikilotherms and in the process of evolution begin to discover themselves only at low temperatures. The review summarizes literature and author information about evolutionary development of adaptive FAA responses of poikilothermic animals, at different levels of phylogenesis, as a result of the seasonal drop in temperature to negative or zero values. It is concluded that the non-specific accumulation of proteinogenic amino acids, characteristic for many invertebrates, is replaced in the vertebrates animals by the accumulation of new participants in the mechanisms of the low temperatures adaptation, which is a nonproteinogenic sulphoamino acid, taurine, and in the brain it is РЕА and phosphoamine acid, РS.
Highlights
It is presumed that global climate change is one of the main driving forces behind the evolution of living organisms [1].Mutations of genes seem to occur more frequently during periods of cooling, giving a powerful impetus to the evolution of organisms and resulting intensive formation of new types [2, 3]
The content of certain FAA is notably increased in the blood, hemolymph and in bodies of poikilothermic animals, both invertebrates and vertebrates when exposed to low temperatures as a result of the change of seasons or the sudden cold stress
The absence of serine in the summer,but high level in winter and substantial increase at impact of cold shock are characteristic fact of low temperature adaptation in the brain of P. glehni [27, 28].Metabolism of serine is associated with РЕА via ethanolamine
Summary
It is presumed that global climate change is one of the main driving forces behind the evolution of living organisms [1].Mutations of genes seem to occur more frequently during periods of cooling, giving a powerful impetus to the evolution of organisms and resulting intensive formation of new types [2, 3]. Traces of a progressive evolutionary change, their stages and "witty" finds can be seen when studying the effect of low temperatures on the biochemical mechanisms in different types of ectothermic animals. The expression of many genes that encode proteins involved in signal transductions and chaperones may be changed when exposed to cold shock or cold acclimation [4,5,6]. The synthesis of cold-induced proteins and modification of existing proteins, conversion of lipid composition of cell membranes, activation of isoenzymes, change of ion, oxygen and metabolite transport are required for adaptation of poikilothermic animals to rapid decreases in environmental temperatures [7, 8]. The FAA and PEA, that is an ethanolamine derivative, contribute their mite in biochemical strategy of low-temperature adaptation
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