Abstract
The objectives of the present work are to investigate the regulated and unregulated (particle) emissions of a classical and modern 2-stroke and a typical 4-stroke scooter with different ethanol blend fuels. There is also comparison of two different ethanol fuels: pure ethanol (E) and hydrous ethanol (EH) which contains 3.9% water and is denatured with 1.5% gasoline. Special attention is paid in this research to the hydrous ethanol, since the production costs of hydrous ethanol are much less than those for (dry) ethanol. The vehicles are with carburettor and without catalyst, which represents the most frequent technology in Eastern Asia and offers the information of engine-out emissions. Exhaust emissions measurements have been performed with fuels containing ethanol (E), or hydrous ethanol (EH) in the portion of 5, 10, 15 and 20% by volume. During the test systematical analysis of particle mass (PM) and nanoparticles counts (NP) were carried out. The present investigations did not concern the durability of parts exposed to the chemical influences of ethanol. Also the cold start, particularly in extreme conditions and the lube oil dilution were not addressed.
Highlights
The growth to sustainability of the transportation fuels is highly stimulated by the EU directives and blending of 5.75% fuel derived from biomass should be achieved in 2010 and the legislation is aiming for 20% into the year 2020
Ethanol produced by fermentation of corn and biomass and methyl esters of fats and oils are the renewable fuel
The research of emissions with alcohol was performed on the Piaggio Typhoon 2-stroke and with an older type 2-stroke Kreidler Florett small motorcycle
Summary
The growth to sustainability of the transportation fuels is highly stimulated by the EU directives and blending of 5.75% fuel derived from biomass should be achieved in 2010 and the legislation is aiming for 20% into the year 2020. Ethanol produced by fermentation of corn (the first generation) and biomass (the second generation) and methyl esters of fats and oils (the first/second generation bio diesel) are the renewable fuel. Several countries have objectives to substitute a part of the energy of traffic by ethanol as the renewable energy source. Laboratories for IC-Engines and Exhaust Emission Control (AFHB) of the University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland are involved since 2000 in several research projects about emission factors and possibilities of reduction of (nano)particle emissions of 2-wheelers.
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