Influence of Green Space Planning as Part of Architectural Design on the Emotional Development of the Community

Muhammad Idham Handa G2F1 011 017 Needs Green Space Based on population growth andAdded Number of motor vehicles for Regional Development in Kendari, under the guidancecounselor Mrs. Weka Widayati as I and Mr. La Baco Sudia, as supervisor II.The need for green open space in urban areas is very meaningful to the people who are on it,causing a variety of multifunctional green space in urban tend to be kept and preserved andallocated. Aesthetic function, the function of water absorption, keeping the microclimate and donot forget to also function providers of oxygen (O2) for a living. In fact population growth is one ofthe factors that cause a reduction in green space, on the other hand increase the number of motorvehicles also require the presence of green space as an absorber of pollutants (CO2) so it needs away out to overcome this problem.The purpose of this study was to analyzed existing condition green space in the city of Kendari, thesecond is to analyze the need for green space based on population growth and the rate of motorvehicle in the city of Kendari, and the last is to analyze the balance of the needs and theavailability of green space and green space allocation plan in Kendari on future to come. Theanalysis used in its entirety is a qualitative descriptive analysis where the growth of populationand the number of vehicles projected and green space per resident in need of analysis inaccordance with existing regulations and previous research.The results showed that the condition of the existing green space in the city of Kendari in 2011covering an area of 3777.46 Ha is, each spread over ten (10) districts with diverse typologies.Kendari City residents need green space in 2011 amounted to 511.625 ha while the need for greenspace by the growing number of motor vehicles is 0.28 ha. Balance of green space needs based onthe remaining population of 2470.49 ha, in the 30 years to come RTH allocated to areas with ahigh density and on roads with high density.Keywords: Green Open Space, Population, Added Motor Vehicles, Existing green space and greenspace needs

Green open space in cities is one of the environmental controls. In residential spatial planning, green open space is very necessary in the form of green belts and passive or active parks. Sustainable development must be supported by adequate residential green space, which must fulfill the function of absorbing CO2, increasing the volume of groundwater and being useful as a flood controller. The availability of green open space for the community can increase the aesthetic value of a city’s environmental area and can function as an economic value [9]. This research aims to determine the extent of green open space in Sragen City. From this research, we can analyze the development and need for green open space in Sragen City to study and develop a green city and a balanced environment. This research is aimed at understanding the area of green open space in Sragen City. From this research, we can analyze the development and need for green open space in Sragen City to study and develop a green city and a balanced environment. Sufficiency of green open spaces Needs Based on Area and City Area Sragen City’s green open spaces do not meet the minimum requirement of 30%. Of the green open space, the city forest managed by environmental services is included in it with an area of 2,500 m2. However, Sragen City’s green open space looks large because it includes moorlands, residential forests, state forests, and ponds. Meanwhile, 130.17 Ha is land managed by the Sragen City Regency Government. This research uses primary and secondary methods. To obtain a map of the green open space area of the research area, Quickbird image analysis is required. From the results of the research, it was concluded that the management and efforts to provide sufficient green open space were adequate, but in terms of area, the proportion of green open space that was determined was still not sufficient. There are seven types of green open space in Sragen City, namely in the form of urban forest green open space, green lane green open space for roads, pedestrian, open space, river border green open space, cemetery green open space, private and community property building green open space, as well as plantation and resident’s yard green open space.

High land requirements have an impact on land conversion. This study aims to calculate the accuracy of the results of mapping public green open space from ASTER and Sentinel-2A imagery, know the changes in green public space, calculate oxygen demand and the needs of green space in 2004 and 2019. The types of green open spaces that are interpreted visually include urban forests, river borders, cemeteries, fields, and city park. Oxygen demand is calculated by the gerrarkis method including livestock, industry, population, and motor vehicles. The mapping accuracy with the ASTER is 96% while the Sentinel-2A imagery is 90%. The mapping of changes in public green open space show that 17,62 km2 public green open space has not changed, increased 1,15 km2, and decreased 2,61 km2. Oxygen demand in 2004 was 1053531,92 kg/day with green open space needs covering 10,41 km2, while in 2019 it was 1923959,31 kg / day with Green Open Space needs covering 19 km2. The need for green space in 2004 has been fulfilled from public green space of 20,22 km2. In 2019 the area of public open green space is 18,77 km2, so that public open green space has not been able to fulfill the needs of overall green open space.

The quality of the urban environment which continues to decline along with the development of the City means that Green Open Space should not only be considered as a complement to the City. To determine how effective green open space is at determining the comfort of the environment for visitors, the ability of green open space to adjust the microclimate and reduce noise is required. The goal of this study was to find out how different levels of thermal and visual comfort were in different green open spaces in Palopo City. This study took place in Palopo, in the South Sulawesi region. The goal of this study is to look at the level of thermal comfort in Palopo City's five green open spaces, as well as people's impressions of thermal and visual comfort. The results showed that the Thermal and Visual comfort in the five locations of the Green Open Space (RTH) were categorized as uncomfortable because they exceeded the standard comfort criteria, namely temperature >27oC. The results of interviews with visitors' perceptions of Thermal comfort in five green open spaces that were categorized as moderate, visitors assessed that the green open space in these locations was not yet able to provide freshness related to temperature for urban areas due to the lack of vegetated areas. Respondents perceptions of visual comfort in five green open spaces with moderate categories, namely Lapangan Pancasila, Lapangan Gaspa, dan Taman Baca. Meanwhile, the other two green open spaces are categorized as high, namely Lapangan Pancasila dan Taman I Love Palopo. The interpretation of the five green open spaces was categorized as medium & high with the respondents' perceptions both in terms of the architectural form of supporting buildings at each green open space location, existing facilities in green open space, cleanliness in each green open space that was maintained, and tree types that affected the beauty of five green open spaces were considered positively by visitors.The quality of the urban environment which continues to decline along with the development of the City means that Green Open Space should not only be considered as a complement to the City. To determine how effective green open space is at determining the comfort of the environment for visitors, the ability of green open space to adjust the microclimate and reduce noise is required. The goal of this study was to find out how different levels of thermal and visual comfort were in different green open spaces in Palopo City. This study took place in Palopo, in the South Sulawesi region. The goal of this study is to look at the level of thermal comfort in Palopo City's five green open spaces, as well as people's impressions of thermal and visual comfort. The results showed that the Thermal and Visual comfort in the five locations of the Green Open Space (RTH) were categorized as uncomfortable because they exceeded the standard comfort criteria, namely temperature >27oC. The results of interviews with visitors' perceptions of Thermal comfort in five green open spaces that were categorized as moderate, visitors assessed that the green open space in these locations was not yet able to provide freshness related to temperature for urban areas due to the lack of vegetated areas. Respondents perceptions of visual comfort in five green open spaces with moderate categories, namely Lapangan Pancasila, Lapangan Gaspa, dan Taman Baca. Meanwhile, the other two green open spaces are categorized as high, namely Lapangan Pancasila dan Taman I Love Palopo. The interpretation of the five green open spaces was categorized as medium & high with the respondents' perceptions both in terms of the architectural form of supporting buildings at each green open space location, existing facilities in green open space, cleanliness in each green open space that was maintained, and tree types that affected the beauty of five green open spaces were considered positively by visitors.

Based on the results of identification and analysis related to the functions of green open space in Kelurahan Kauman, both private and public green open space, it was found that private green open space located in residential areas, office areas, education area, and in the worship area. Whereas existing public green open space is in the form of active parks, passive parks, green lane along the road border, green lane along the river border and green green space on the medians road. Private green open space in residential areas has ecological, economic and aesthetic functions; Private green open space in office areas is dominated by ecological functions; while green space in the areas of education, worship, trade and services, is dominated by ecological and aesthetic functions. Whereas public Green Open Space in the form of urban park has an economic function; Green Open Space green lane in the form of road borders, island road, and road median has ecological and aesthetic function; and Green Open Space with specific function in the form of river borders has the ecological and aesthetic function.

Background: Urbanization has significantly reduced green open spaces in Jakarta, impacting ecological balance and quality of life. While the importance of green open spaces for urban quality of life is well understood, comprehensive studies on spatial justice related to the distribution and accessibility of green open spaces in major cities like Jakarta are still limited. This study aims to assess the distribution, accessibility, and government budget allocation for public green open spaces in South Jakarta, with a focus on spatial justice and equitable access. Methods: Using GIS software, this study assesses the distribution and accessibility of urban green spaces, conducts descriptive analysis on government budget allocation, and evaluates justice in public green space planning in South Jakarta. Findings: Despite the overall availability of green open space in South Jakarta meeting the standard of 0.2m² per capita, the sub-districts of Pasar Minggu and Pesanggrahan still exhibit gaps in availability, and accessibility uneven trough all South Jakarta. Conclusions: The budget allocated by the government for green spaces is relatively low compared to the total budget of DKI Jakarta. Green open space planning in the City of South Jakarta has not yet fully achieved spatial justice. This is influenced by the insufficient number, area and distribution to reach all regions and accommodate all levels of society. Novelty/Originality of This Article: This study highlights spatial injustice in the distribution and accessibility of green open spaces in South Jakarta using GIS analysis, revealing disparities despite meeting per capita standards and inadequate government budget allocation.

Green open space has functions ecologically, economically, and socially to improve the quality of urban life. Urban green space is one of the keys to sustainability. The purpose of this study was to analyze green open space planning in Jakarta and Singapore using a comparative study method. The study locations were chosen in Jakarta and Singapore because they are geographically located in Southeast Asia but have a vastly different area of ​​green open space. Singapore has the largest area of ​​green open space in the world, amounting to 47% of the total area and Jakarta only has a range of 5 to 10% because of the baseline of green open space that has not been officially set by the Government. Green open space planning in Jakarta has decreased from 1965 to the present due to the rapid development of residential and commercial areas. On the other hand, Singapore's success in increasing the area of ​​green space is due to its strong political policy in greening which is directly led by the Prime Minister and supported by all stakeholders. The vision of Singapore as a Garden City is clearly stated in the Green and Blue Master Plan and implemented in government programs. Cooperation between stakeholders in Singapore continues to make public awareness about successful greening. Jakarta needs a strong political policy to increase green open space by formulating a green open space Master Plan that is integrated with a network of roads, blue spaces, and increased cooperation between stakeholders.

Identification and model on green open space as evacuation area of earthquake at Sanur, South Denpasar, Bali. Bali Island is one of Indonesia's seismotectonics as it is passed through the Mediterranean mountain range and the subduction zone between the Eurasian Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. The southern area of Bali is vulnerable to earthquake and one of the most vulnerable to the earthquake is Sanur. Sanur area has an area of 10,57 km² or 1.057 hectares with a population of 28.527 inhabitants. Therefore, earthquake mitigation such as physical mitigation is to utilize green open space as an evacuation area is considered to be important. The purpose of this research is to identify the suitability of green open space as an evacuation area and to determine the green evacuation open space concept model. This research used satellite image interpretation and field survey methode. The data used is data of the earthquake center point throughout in Sanur along with potential tsunami risk map, green open space map and accessibility map. The parameters used were green open space width of at least 500 m², types of green open space, accessibility, and potential earthquake and tsunami. Result showed that the green open space which suitable as an evacuation area was about 292 hectar and not suitable is 93 hectar. Furtheremore, the suitable green open space evacuation map was generated into two evacuation space concept. There were micro evacuation space and macro evacuation space. The micro evacuation space focuses on individual rescue while the macro evacuation space focuses on mass rescue.

The oxygen in the city of Jember largely generated by green open space of vegetation stand. The green space that is the focus of this research is woody / cambium standing vegetation, which is able to produce oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. Remote sensing data through SPOT-7 image is used to know the condition of green open space in Jember City more quickly and accurately. The purposes of this research are: (1) studying SPOT-7 image capability for extraction of green open space data viewed from its accuracy; (2) to know the amount of oxygen supply produced by the actual standing vegetation green open space and the oxygen supply needs of the population, motor vehicles, and livestock; (3) to know the adequacy of green open space based on oxygen demand in Jember City. This research uses quantitative method and field measurement. The analysis of the adequacy of green space is known through the extraction of information from SPOT-7 images and related secondary data. The parameters used are the determination of the area of green open space demand based on oxygen demand, and the amount of oxygen produced by the actual standing vegetation green open space. The analysis of the adequacy of green open space based on oxygen demand is calculated in the vicinity of Jember City. The results of this study indicate that the spread of green open space around the city of Jember uneven, this is caused by the spread of green space that actually clustered in certain sub-districts. Therefore, it is better to balance the ecological and natural environment aspects of urban areas can be a concern in the management of green open space in the city of Jember.

BackgroundUrban green open space is a valuable resource for physical activities of urban inhabitants and has the potential to reduce chronic illness and improve health. Research on the relationships between green open space and physical activity is incomplete and limited in China. Thus, the study examines how the urban green open space contributes to physical activity.MethodsA questionnaire was designed based on the social ecology theory to investigate the physical activity of 513 residents in urban green open space. We use the time and frequency of residents exercising in urban green space to measure physical activity, and use the factor analysis to synthesize a large number of original factors (i.e., infrastructure, safety, accessibility, landscape quality, and space environment) into relatively few composite indicators. Based on the collected data of the cross-sectional population, the Order Probit regression model was constructed to analyze how urban green open space affects the residents’ physical activity from the perspective of social ecology.Results① in community factors: accessibility is significantly positive correlation with residents’ physical activity, and there is no significant correlation between safety and physical activity; ②in natural factors: space environment and landscape quality are not significantly correlated with residents’ physical activity; ③ in built environmental factors: infrastructures, the area of green space, the size of open space, and entertainment facilities are significantly correlated to residents’ activity. Basketball courts, volleyball courts, swimming pools, and sports equipment will promote physical activity; ④ apart from the attributes of green open space, other factors are significantly correlated to physical activity in the green open space, e.g. having a companion.ConclusionsUrban green open space plays an important role in promoting physical activity especially among the women and the old, and improving the attributes (such as accessibility, infrastructures, the area of green space, the size of open space and entertainment facilities) of the urban green open space and trying to set up group sports proper to play with companion (like “square dancing” and “Tai Chi”) can promote Chinese residents’ physical activity so as to improve public health. The results are significant to facilitate environment health.

Urban green spaces are perceived as vital urban infrastructure for healing from the spread of the COVID-19 disease. Regarding the limited availability and the high price of land in urban areas, local governments are encouraged to find alternative solutions that are good, appropriate, and fast to achieve the target of 30% green open space in their area. Based on the Green City Development Roadmap by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing in 2015, several cities were creatively assessing and determining the components of green open space based on the city’s natural character and stipulated in local regulations. This causes the diversity of existing green open space data in each city which cannot be compared validly. Furthermore, along with technology development in providing more environmentally friendly elements, the term “green open space” is considered to limit improvement efforts in the quantity and quality of urban green spaces. Therefore, this descriptive-qualitative study was conducted to find a new paradigm in defining green open spaces through benchmarking methods based on selected cities’ strategic and practical policies. The study results found the term “green space” in general as a response to the spatial problem that does not limit the function and utilization of the space, such as the condition of being open or closed by a tree canopy, owned by public or private, or furnished with vegetation and/or hardscape elements. However, we consider that implementing this breakthrough idea needs to be supported by related scientific studies and best practices relevant to the environmental context, both ecological, social, and cultural aspects. Consequently, a deeper study in realizing the green space concept needs to be carried out, primarily related to proving that this concept can increase both the quantity and quality of the urban green space.

Access to green spaces in urban environments promotes social equity and improves the quality of life. In this context, the public good emphasizes the importance of accessibility and the possibility of walking to a public green space for a variety of leisure options. Many researchers focus only on quantitative methods to measure environmental justice. But for more accurate results, a multimethod approach must be used that also integrates qualitative data to get a fuller assessment. No previous research exists on this topic in the Jordanian context. This paper examines environmental justice by measuring the accessibility and fair distribution of public green spaces (active and passive) in Al-Mughayyer town to determine the area served by the existing green open spaces and examine injustice aspects and where they exist. The research questions addressed equitable distribution and accessibility. Using GIS network analysis, the research focused on qualitative data from Al-Mughayyer residents using interviews. The interviews focused on residents’ demands for green open spaces, accessibility, availability, and arising problems. The results detected the unfairness of urban public green space distribution in terms of active recreation, while passive recreation provided by natural green spaces is accessible and distributed equally to all. This necessitated carrying out a suitability analysis to find the best places for new green public spaces. The suitable locations for future green open spaces might support and benefit government officials, developers, and urban planners in determining the requirements for green open spaces, public demands, and accessibility issues.

PurposeThis paper aims to work toward a new approach in providing green open spaces in the middle of urban land in Indonesia that has been densely built up and on it has attached land rights. An approach is needed through a specific spatial policy that contains zoning regulations for the provision of public green open spaces on top of residential houses built on the green zoning plans.Design/methodology/approachThis approach considers an interconnected ecological holistic approach, as previously existing regulations have not normatively identified the green open space as an ecological landscape consisting of blue open spaces and several objects that function as green open spaces.FindingsIndonesia in terms of green open space for local climate instrument is still identified as one of the three lowest countries in Southeast Asia in the number of green open space areas. We found that the regulating process of development rights and property rights, in the construction of Indonesian law, still requires many alternative efforts to this day in providing urban green open spaces. The delivery of desired outcomes depends on the alternative policy as a form of legal politics in compensating planning and community interests through developing green open spaces in an ecoregion approach.Originality/valueThis writing was shaped by the understandings of the author with regards to the development of urban green open space regulating issues in Indonesia as one of the emerging country group in Asia and Jakarta as the second-most populous urban area in the world. This paper aims to work toward providing green urban open spaces in Indonesia that has been densely built up and on it has attached land rights, through a specific spatial policy that contains zoning regulations for the provision of public green open spaces on top of residential houses built on the green zoning plans.

The earthquake that occurred in Banda Aceh on December 26, 2004, followed by the tsunami along the coastline of the Indian Ocean caused a huge number of casualties and infrastructure destruction including green open space. This article presents the change of Banda Aceh green open space before and after the tsunami, the requirement of Banda Aceh green open space based on vast territory and population, and the development direction of Banda Aceh green open space. The applied method was image interpretation, and classification, analysis of green open space requirement was calculated based on vast territory in accordance with Act No. 26/2007, based on population with green open space requirement standard per capita as in PERMENPU No. 5/PRT/M/2008. Green City Development Program (P2KH) concept which was applied to arrange the development direction of Banda Aceh green open space, and integrated with the land use plan in RTRW of Banda Aceh. The result of green open space wide before and after tsunami analysis showed that even before the tsunami, Banda Aceh green open space still far from sufficient as required of spatial planning constitution (13,92 % of the city area). Right after the tsunami, Banda Aceh green open space was reduced to only remaining about 9,31 % of the city area. Five years later (2010) Banda Aceh green open space was increased to 12,83 % of the city area, and by the year of 2015 Banda Aceh has green open space about 37,51 % of the city area. The requirement of Banda Aceh green open space based on the vast territory is 1.227,18 ha public green open space, and 613,59 ha private green open space, based on total population predicted by 2029 is 687,89 ha. The development direction of Banda Aceh green open space is intensification by increasing the quality of existing green open space and extensification by the acquisition of private land for green open space.

The physical development phenomenon of a city in Indonesia causes significant changes in the land-use system. One of the impacts is the reduction in Green Open Space (RTH), which also occurs in Mijen District, Semarang City. In 2010, the Semarang City Government ratified Regional Regulation No. 7 of 2010 on RTH Planning in every District of Semarang City. Since the regulation went into force, there has not been any evaluation of the suitability of the green space conditions in Mijen District against the established plans. SPOT-7 imagery, a high-resolution satellite image, can be used to map the condition of green open space in Mijen District using on-screen digitization techniques. A horizontal accuracy test of the SPOT-7 image was done to ensure the quality of the digitized data. Based on the digitized data, spatial analysis can be done to assess the suitability of the established plan. The horizontal accuracy test shows the CE90 value of 1,829, indicating that the data is classified as class 2 on a scale of 1:5,000. Then based on the 18 types of green open space plans in Mijen District, there are 8 types of suitable green open space and 10 types of unsuitable green open space. However, the total area of the Mijen Subdistrict green space has fulfilled the total expected area in the Regional Regulation.