INFLUENCE OF EXTRACTION SOLVENTS ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF PAEDERIA FOETIDA LEAF EXTRACTS AGAINST E. COLI

Efficacy of green solvents in pungent, aroma, and color extractions of spice oleoresins and impact on phytochemical and antioxidant capacities

Rheum palmatum L. (R. palmatum L.) is a traditional Chinese herb and food, in which rhein and emodin are the main bioactive components. The extraction of the two compounds from R. palmatum L. is, thus, of great importance. In this work, protic ionic liquids (PILs) were applied in the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of rhein and emodin from R. palmatum L., which avoids the toxicity of organic solvents. The results of the present study indicate that PILs possessing higher polarity exhibit higher extraction ability due to their stronger absorption ability for microwave irradiation. Compared with conventional solvents, such as methanol, trichloromethane, and deep eutectic solvents (DESs), the PIL, 1-butyl-3-himidazolium methanesulfonate ([BHim]MeSO3) reported herein is more efficient. The selected extraction conditions of liquid–solid ratio, microwave irradiation time, microwave irradiation power, and PIL concentration were 40 g·g−1, 50 s, 280 W, and 80%, respectively. Under the selected conditions, the extraction yields of rhein and emodin were 7.8 and 4.0 mg·g−1, respectively. These results suggest that PILs are efficient extraction solvents for the separation of active components from natural products.

Anacardic acid (AA), a key compound in cashew nut shell liquid, is used in medicines and food preservation because of its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. AA has four forms: saturated, monoene, diene, and triene. Extracting these forms using different solvents is difficult through experiments. To solve this, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to study how AA behaves in three solvents: hexane, ethanol, and carbon tetrachloride. The results show that ethanol forms stronger hydrogen bonds with AA and allows higher movement of AA molecules, making it a better solvent for extraction. These findings help in selecting efficient and sustainable solvents for AA extraction. MD simulations utilize the Optimized Potential for Liquid Simulations force field to describe the interactions of AA with hexane, ethanol, and carbon tetrachloride. MD simulations are performed using GROMACS open-source package. Structural properties, such as radial distribution functions and hydrogen bonding, and transport properties, like mean square displacement (MSD), are studied to understand how AA behaves in each solvent. These simulations reveal detailed interactions between AA and the solvents, showing why ethanol works better for extraction.

Drug development from herbal medicines or botanical sources is believed to have a prominent role in the exploration of novel counteractive drugs that has sparked much interest in recent times. Paederia foetida is one such medicinal plant used in both traditional and folkloric medicine. Several parts of the herb are locally utilised as a natural curative agent for several ailments since time immemorial. Paederia foetida indeed possesses anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidaemic, antioxidant, nephro-protective, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antitussive, thrombolytic, anti-diarrhoeal, sedative-anxiolytic, anti-ulcer, hepatoprotective activity, anthelmintic and anti-diarrhoeal activity. Furthermore, growing evidence shows many of its active constituents to be effective in cancer, inflammatory diseases, wound healing and spermatogenesis as well. These investigations shed light on possible pharmacological targets and attempts to establish a mechanism of action for these pharmacological effects. These findings contrast the significance of this medicinal plant for further research and for the exploration of novel counteractive drugs to establish a mechanism of action before being employed to healthcare. Pharmacological activities of Paederia foetida and their mechanism of action.

BackgroundThis study evaluated the effect of the solvent on the extraction of antioxidant compounds from black mulberry (Morus nigra), blackberry (Rubus ulmifolius) and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa). Different extracts of each berry were evaluated from the determination of total phenolic content, anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity, and data were applied to the principal component analysis (PCA) to gain an overview of the effect of the solvent in extraction method.ResultsFor all the berries analyzed, acetone/water (70/30, v/v) solvent mixture was more efficient solvent in the extracting of phenolic compounds, and methanol/water/acetic acid (70/29.5/0.5, v/v/v) showed the best values for anthocyanin content. Mixtures of ethanol/water (50/50, v/v), acetone water/acetic acid (70/29.5/0.5, v/v/v) and acetone/water (50/50, v/v) presented the highest antioxidant capacities for black mulberries, blackberries and strawberries, respectively.ConclusionAntioxidants extractions are extremely affected by the solvent combination used. In addition, the obtained extracts with the organic solvent-water mixtures were distinguished from the extracts obtained with pure organic solvents, through the PCA analysis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-014-0048-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Sonchus arvensis, known as sowthistle, belongs to Asteraceae and contains numerous phenolic acids and flavonoids that exhibit antioxidants. The type of extraction solvent will affect biological activity level, resulting in different metabolite profiles that metabolomics approaches can evaluate by fingerprint analysis using FTIR spectrophotometry and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. Furthermore, the FTIR spectra and the metabolite profile of UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS were grouped using principal component analysis (PCA). This study aimed to clustering S. arvensis extracts based on different extracting solvents using the FTIR spectra and the detected metabolites and evaluate the free radical scavenging activity. The 50% ethanol extract gave higher free radical scavenging activity and more metabolites than the ethanol p.a. and water extracts. It indicates that the free radical scavenging activity is affected by the metabolites contained in the extract. Using a combination of the FTIR spectra and the peak area of the identified metabolites, S. arvensis extract can be grouped according to the extracting solvent. Thus, the extracting solvent affects the composition of the metabolites, resulting in different free radical scavenging activity levels.

Separation of toluene from n-heptane, 2,3-dimethylpentane, and cyclohexane using binary mixtures of [4empy][Tf2N] and [emim][DCA] ionic liquids as extraction solvents

This study compared the effects of Ethanol and indigenous extractants (Aqueous, 2% NaCl solution, and 40% v/v Lime juice) on the bioactive properties of Ocimum gratissimum extract. Phytochemical, GC-MS, and antioxidant analysis of the Ethanol (EtOHE), Aqueous (AqE), NaCl solution (NaClE), and Lime juice (LjE) extracts were carried out. All the extracts contained saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, and alkaloids, with Ethanol and Aqueous extracts showing higher concentrations of these compounds compared with NaCl and Lime juice extracts (p < 0.05). GC-MS characterization identified twenty-one bioactive compounds in the Ethanol extract, while only fifteen compounds were found in the Aqueous, NaCl, and Lime juice extracts, respectively. The Ethanol extract had higher Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) (26.08 ± 0.76 μg/ml) compared with Aqueous (7.79 ± 0.61 μg/ml), NaCl (7.82 ± 0.81 μg/ml), and Lime juice (3.49 ± 0.48 μg/ml) extracts (p < 0.05). The Aqueous extract had the strongest Ferric reducing antioxidant power, with a lower IC50 value of 117.37 μg/ml, compared with NaCl (228.94 μg/ml) and Lime juice (166.84 μg/ml) extracts, while Ethanol extracts had the lowest IC50 value (60.39 μg/ml) for ABTS radicals compared with NaCl (66.75 μg/ml) and Lime juice (78.52 μg/ml) extracts. In conclusion, all the extracts exhibited potential medicinal and antioxidant properties; however, the bioactive and antioxidant properties of the extracts demonstrate a dependence on the extraction methods and solvents. It is therefore important to always ascertain which extraction solvent and method is appropriate for the preparation of safe medicinal herbs.

Paederia foetida L. (Skunk vine) is an indigenous weedy plant which is also known to have antimicrobial activity and to possess a broad spectrum of uses for medicinal purposes and as a food ingredient, but its beneficial effects for agriculture are still unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine the anti-phytopathogenic bacterial activity and phytochemical composition of crude extracts from different parts of P. foetida using 95% ethanol as a solvent and screening of crude extracts for antibacterial activity using the agar disc diffusion method. The results showed that the crude extract of roots mixed with stems and leaves of P. foetida (1:1:1 weight per weight) at a concentration of 100 mg/mL had highly effective antibacterial activity with inhibition zone diameters of 10.00 mm, 7.00 mm and 10.33 mm for Xanthomonas campestris, Erwinia carotovora and Ralstonia solanacearum, respectively. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of P. foetida crude extract for inhibition of X. campestris and R. solanacearum were ≥ 6.25 mg/mL and ≥ 3.15 mg/mL for E. carotovora and the minimal bactericidal concentrations of X. campestris, E. carotovora and R. solanacearum were 25 mg/mL, 6.25 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. The results of phytochemical analysis of the P. foetida crude extracts showed that ferulic acid and luteolin were the major phytochemical components. These findings have provided the first report suggesting the effectiveness of P. foetida extract against phytopathogenic bacteria and revealed that the extract could be used as an alternative source of antibacterial agents for the protection of plants or crops against bacterial infection.

The selectivity of a suitable organic solvent is key for extraction in liquid-phase microextraction experiments. Nevertheless, the screening process remains a daunting task. Our research aimed to study the relationship between extraction efficiency and extraction solvents, analytes, and finally select the appropriate extraction solvent. In the present article, β-blockers and six extraction solvents were chosen as the models and hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction was conducted. The relationship was built by statistical analysis on the data. Factors affecting extraction efficiency including the logarithms of the octanol/water partition coefficient (logPo/w ) of analytes, aciddissociation constants, the logarithms of the octanol/water partition coefficient of solvents and pH of the sample solution were investigated. The results showed that a low water solubility of extraction solvent is the foundation to ensure higher extraction efficiency. Moreover, when ΔlogPo/w > 0, a higher extraction efficiency is observed at lower ΔlogPo/w , on the contrary, when ΔlogPo/w < 0, extraction efficiency is higher as the absolute value of ΔlogPo/w becomes greater. Finally, the relationship between enrichment factor and extraction solvents, analytes was established and a helpful guidance was provided for the selection of an optimal solvent to obtain the best extraction efficiency by liquid-phase microextraction.

Pharmaceutical companies worldwide have celebrated success producing synthetic derivatives of therapeutic plant extracts. These extracts have remained a primary treatment option globally. In this study, the impact of temporal extraction, extracting solvent and extract concentration on antibacterial potency of garlic was evaluated. Garlic extract was prepared according to these parameters; extraction period (1-2;3 days), solvent concentration (50%, 80%, 100%), reconstituted extract concentration (50mg/ml, 100mg/ml) and antibacterial activity established using the well diffusion method. Ethanol is a good extracting solvent but this is concentration dependent. Garlic extract showed varying antibacterial potency based on extraction parameters against Staphylococcus aureus. Empirically, a linear relationship existed between solvent concentration, extraction period (1-2 days) and antibacterial activity of garlic for as concentration of extraction solvent increased (80%-100%), with extraction period (1-2 days) the antibacterial activity also increased. It was also observed that with equal mass of plant material for extraction and equal volume of extracting solvent, 24-hours extraction period empirically produced more bioactive compounds that caused inhibition than 48-hours extraction time. Also with equal mass of material for extraction and volume of extracting solvent over a period of extraction (1-3 days), 80% ethanol produced more bioactive compounds that cause inhibition. From the findings, it appeared that longer extraction time (for fixed quantity of material to be extracted and fixed volume of extracting solvent) allowed other factors to influence bioactive compounds that caused inhibition. In addition, for a fixed volume of extracting solvent, weight of plant material for extraction (eg 20g-30g) within solubility limits is proportional to the availability of bioactive compounds particularly for 1-day extraction. The work also found that there’s extracting solvent concentration dependent reconstituted extract concentration inhibition effect and that if effective solvent concentration is considered a constant, then reconstituted extract concentration would be directly proportional to inhibition zone. Further research on temporal extraction and solvent concentration effect backed by correlation studies and statistical analysis is necessary.

Extraction of benzene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes from n-heptane using binary mixtures of [4empy][Tf2N] and [emim][DCA] ionic liquids

Grapevine leaves are consumed as a food in Mediterranean countries. At the same time, it is a byproduct of the wine industry. Antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties of grapevine leaves after ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and classical solvent extraction (CSE) were evaluated and compared by using water and methanol as solvent. DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity (TEAC), metal chelating activity, ACE inhibitory activity and α‑glucosidase inhibitory activity of grapevine leaves extracts were determined. The highest values of grapevine leave extracts for antioxidant properties; DPPH (61.60%), TPC (910.18 mg GAE g−1), TEAC (6.23 µg Trolox mg−1) and metal chelating activity (IC50; 3.18 mg mL−1) were obtained from UAE when the methanol was used extracting solvent. However antihypertensive activity (13.68%) and antidiabetic activity (83.00%) values obtained from MAE by using water as a solvent were relatively highest. The effectiveness of UAE, MAE and CSE methods in terms of antioxidant, antihypertensive and antidiabetic properties of grapevine leaves were significantly (p < 0.05) different from each other. This differences depending on the solvent used.

Assessment of the hypoglycemic and anti-hemostasis effects of Paederia foetida (L.) in controlling diabetes and thrombophilia combining in vivo and computational analysis

This study investigated the recovery of phytochemical antioxidants in Dacryodes rostrata fruit using different extraction solvents. The effects of solvent of varying polarities with sequential extraction method on the recovery of phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids and anthocyanins from different parts of the fruit (seed, pulp and peel) were determined. Their antioxidant activities were further determined using DPPH radical, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), hydroxyl radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging and phosphomolybdenum method. Dacryodes Rostrata seed had the highest total phenolic content with 50% ethanol as the most efficient extraction solvent. The highest total flavonoid content was obtained in ethyl acetate extract of fruit pulp, whereas peel extracted with hexane and 50% ethanol was the highest in total carotenoid content and total anthocyanin content, respectively. The seed extracted with 50% ethanol exhibited the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity. Iron chelating activity measured by FRAP assay was the best in seed extracts, particularly in those polar extracts derived from water and 50% ethanol. Antioxidant activities of 50% ethanol extract of D. rostrata seed was the highest when determined by FRAP and phosphomolydenum assays. However, the influence of extraction solvents is not distinctly shown by hydroxyl radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities. This is the first report on the effect of various extraction solvents on the recovery of phytochemicals in D. rostrata fruit parts and the seed of D. rostrata is a potential source of polar antioxidants.