Influence of Education on Social Structure of Society (on Materials of Focus Group Research and in-Depth Interviews)

The study of the general educational strategy of students improves the efficiency of the entire training system. Such studies facilitate the organization of the educational process for students, enable the younger generation to more quickly adapt to the labor market. Today, domestic science feels the inadequacy of such research, and this in turn affects the system of higher education in Kazakhstan. Limited information about the educational strategies of Kazakhstan students awakens interest in conducting a holistic study of this problem. The article provides an analysis of the empirical research, opportunities for young people in the field of education, shows the system problems of higher educational institutions in Kazakhstan, the formation of specific organizational solutions, as well as directions in solving these problems. The purpose of the article is to identify strategies by identifying the motives of students in Kazakhstani universities. The research question of the article was as follows: What are the reasons for the educational choice of modern youth? What is the role of the current education system in meeting the educational strategies of students in higher education? What are the students' plans in education and science? Data collection was carried out using a complex of quantitative and qualitative methods. In the first case, a questionnaire was used (1200 questionnaires), in which students, undergraduates and doctoral students from national and state universities of Kazakhstan participated. In-depth interviews and focus group research was conducted among undergraduates and doctoral students. In the general section of the sample, the respondents were distributed as follows: students - 60%, undergraduates - 30%, doctoral students - 10%. This proportion reflects the characteristics of the general population of this social group. The survey was conducted in large universities (LN Gumilyov ENU, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, KNTU named after KI Satpayev, KarSU named after academician E. Buketov) in three major cities of Kazakhstan (Astana, Almaty, Karaganda ). These cities provide thousands of young people with the opportunity to receive education and achieve their life goals. These quantitative research results were processed in the SPSS computer program and analyzed. The theoretical and practical importance of the article lies in the elaborated statements that contribute to the further development and enrichment of data in the field of the sociology of science, the sociology of education, educational and scientific programs, educational concepts. As a result of the study, the authors show types that are characterized by different motives and performance of each social group of young people, as well as the influence of a complex of factors of different levels of educational strategies. The integrated use of quantitative and qualitative methods in the collection of empirical information will help to obtain complete information for determining the educational and scientific strategies of the youth of modern Kazakhstan. Keywords: educational strategies, student youth, higher education, motivation

The study is considered in the context of existing knowledge in political sociology. Its relevance lies in the fact that our country is once again experiencing a turning point in its more than thousand-year history. Today Russia is looking for its own vector of foreign policy development, moving away from the influence of the West, but without seeking full integration with the civilizations of the East. A special military operation should be confidently seen as a catalyst for the formation of a new world order, changing the weight of countries in the international balance of power. The result will correlate with the events in the military conflict zone, changes in the structure of the world economy and measures for political resolution of the military confrontation. Our state has always remained original, but it is too early to talk about the completion of the formation of a political course. The aim of the study is to examine the issue of the political interest of modern Russian students as the most progressive and receptive part of the population and their respective sentiments on the key issues of the country's political life in relation to the state's foreign policy. As methods, the article presents: the results of a sociological survey, focus group research and in-depth interviews conducted among the student youth of the Penza region in 2023, as well as materials from other sociological studies. The article presents the results of a sociological survey, focus group research and in-depth interviews conducted among students of the Penza region in 2023, as well as materials from other sociological studies. The article reveals the preconditions, orientations and attitudes of Russian youth in the field of foreign policy, the level of trust in the authorities, the readiness of students to participate in the political life of the country, the impact of political changes on the lives of young people. Among the main results of the study, the authors pay special attention to domestic political interests and the assessment of the state's activities in the context of ongoing political events. As a conclusion, it should be noted that the materials of the presented study indicate a high level of sup-port among the young generation for the foreign policy course chosen by the country in relation to the Western coalition, a special military operation. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the political orientations of modern student youth in order to identify their attitudes towards the role of Russia in the world.

The aim of the study is to elucidate the number and structure of the museum network in a global and national dimension; define the concepts of «museum», «cultural and informational system» and the main directions of improving museum business in Ukraine; analyze the basic structural and logical models and dynamics of museum development in Ukraine; better understand the idea of unusual museum projects in Ukraine and highlight the most original among them by subject, history of creation and value of exhibitions. The methods and methodology of research. Expeditionary (a direct training with the expositions of non-traditional museum projects and field data collecting), monographic (an analysis of publications of leading museum scientists), comparative-geographical, cartographic, statistical (an analysis of number of museum institutions and their popularity in Ukraine), sociological (an identification of priorities of student youth in relation to non-traditional museum projects) computer technologies, modeling (a use of structural and logical models in the publication) methods were used in the disclosure of the topic. The novelty of the research. The dynamics and trends of museum development in Ukraine and in the world, the structure of the array of publications on museum issues are elucidated, the priorities of student youth in relation to extraordinary museums and the top-7 most famous non-traditional museum projects of Ukraine (in order of discussion) are identified. The results. It is proved that the share of non-traditional museums, museum projects and exhibitions in the «museum area» both in Ukraine and abroad is increasing, while at the same time in the Ukrainian national space it has been observed the actual disappearance of, until recently, unique expositions from such museum halls as the Museum of the History of Kyiv, the Museum of Taras Shevchenko on Chernychiy (Tarasova) mountain in Kaniv (Cherkasy region); by interviewing student youth, the most attractive and unpopular unconventional museums (world dimension) and the top 7 unusual museum projects of Ukraine (in order of discussion) were identified. The quantitative characteristics of the museum network and the popularity of museum institutions of Ukraine for the years 2000–2017 are given. The practical significance lies in the possibility of i implementation the results of the study into the educational process of higher education institutions in Ukraine (when teaching courses of excursion and museum studies, museum tourism, geography of tourism, basics of excursion) at the geographical, historical faculties of institutions of higher education in Ukraine) and the use of materials in the activities of museum and sightseeing institutions of Ukraine, in increasing public attention to traditional and non-traditional museum projects and expanding the idea of diversification of museum institutions.

The article discusses the municipal legal problems of the formation, implementation and guarantee of economic human rights. The role and importance of the institutions of local self-government in the conditions of the formation of a market economy are examined. It is proved that the sustainable development of territorial communities and the effective functioning of municipal authorities depend on the level of economic development in the state, the standard of living of people, the social structure of society, and the like. Therefore, the economic guarantees of the municipal government and human rights in the field of local self-government are the economic system of society, which is based on the principles of a market economy; unity of economic space; free movement of goods, services and financial resources; support for competition, freedom of economic activity, business and labor; recognition, pluralism, equality and protection of various forms of ownership, including communal ownership. The author believes that local self-government not only captures the political, spiritual and moral values and social achievements of mankind in any social development, but also becomes the most sensitive matter of its economic growth or decline. Also at this level of public authority organization there is a dialectical combination of the will of the legislator with the specific socio-economic interests of the local population. It is argued that only in those states in which local self-government and fundamental values of municipalism are recognized, exist, practiced and comprehensively guaranteed, as a rule, can an algorithm be formed according to which the legislative branch is elected democratically, the executive branch is controlled and accountable to it (political aspect), and the economy is developed, market, constant, and the like. It is concluded that the study of human rights in general and of economic rights and freedoms in the context of local self-government, as well as the conceptualization of local self-government through the prism of constitutional economy, market relations, economic security, etc. is one of the most pressing tasks of legal science. This has not only scientific and theoretical significance, but also, first of all, practical significance: both from the point of view of developing legislation, and in terms of resolving specific issues of the formation of real local self-government and the establishment of market relations, the formation of effective mechanisms for ensuring economic human rights in the community.

The article substantiates the relevance and features of the formation of health-preserving competence of student youth as a priority area of public policy. Despite the scientists' active interest in the problem of developing the individual's health competence, in theory, and practice, this issue remains insufficiently studied. In particular, there is no common understanding of the essence of health competence, the process of its development. In this regard, the concept of «health competence» requires clarification and specification and analysis of the pedagogical conditions of its formation in student youth. Today, it is vital to introduce a systematic approach to maintaining public health by involving not only health but also education, culture, social work, etc. Statistics show an exacerbation of negative phenomena in Ukraine: the spread of drug addiction among young people, alcohol use, smoking, sexually transmitted diseases, early pregnancy. The problem of health and a healthy lifestyle has been exacerbated in the context of the current global pandemic. In the context of the importance and role of youth in the social structure of society, the study of the essence of youth problems, including health issues, becomes relevant. The author found that one of the most pressing problems of today is the formation of health-preserving competence of student youth, which involves the formation of a healthy lifestyle in the younger generation. Given the diverse scientific approaches to the problem in the study of the formation of health competence of students, youth has been considered as an integrative personality trait that ensures the organization of a healthy lifestyle in the physical, social and mental (spiritual) spheres of student youth as a separate socio-demographic group. Differs in the set of age and psychophysiological features, the level of health of which depends not only on the quality of their own lives but also the quality of the future professional activity.

The aim of the article is to study the current status of public regulation of citizens and institutions in terms of establishing national and adaptive quarantine and identify ways to improve it, as National Security Strategy of Ukraine identified the spread of COVID-19 one of the threats to national security. The scientific novelty is to generalize the domestic experience of public regulation of the activities of citizens and business entities regardless of subordination and form of ownership in terms of quarantine and provide suggestions for its improvement to minimize the risks associated with the threat to human life and health due to a pandemic. Conclusions. The article examines the legislation and other regulations on the basis of which the public regulates the activities of citizens and business entities regardless of subordination and form of ownership in Ukraine since the beginning of the spread of coronavirus disease COVID-19 in the country. The spread of COVID-19 to the scale of the pandemic has led to increased public regulation of institutions and the influence of the state on the lives of citizens and society. It was found that the introduction of severe restrictive measures did not produce long-term results in preventing the spread of COVID-19 but caused significant damage in the economic and social spheres. The author provides suggestions to state authorities and local self-government bodies to improve public regulation, in particular to analyze the effectiveness of restrictive measures taken to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and the economic and social consequences of their long-term preservation for the society and economy of the country. The article is aimed to determine the optimal duration of quarantine restrictions, which will be most effective in preventing the spread of the disease and will not cause fatal damage to the economic and social spheres. Finally, the article elaborates on the development of a plan of economic and social measures to ensure the smooth functioning of critical infrastructure institutions, as well as those engaged in the production of goods, works and services that are important for the livelihood of the population in a crisis. Keywords: public regulation; national security; activity of citizens; activity institutions; quarantine; COVID-19.

Migration processes in the context of the expansion of world economic relations inevitably affect the main spheres of life of the entire world community. The emigration of the most active part of the indigenous population of Russia, predominantly educated and highly professional, is an acute problem, as it inevitably leads to risks to the national and geopolitical security of the state. The growing uncontrolled migration process aimed at the outflow of the mobile indigenous population in the new Russian social reality actualizes the study of the motives of emigrant moods, socio-economic, socio-political orientations, socio-cultural positions, ethno-confessional traditions and customs, spiritual and moral values of youth and, first of all, highly educated part of the younger generation: students. The article analyzes the materials of a sociological study conducted by the Institute for Demographic Research of the Federal Scientific Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2022 among students in three constituent entities of the Russian Federation: Moscow, the Republic of Tyva and the Belgorod Region. The focus of the study is aimed at identifying the possible impact of religious and non-religious worldviews on the emigrant orientations of the young part of the Russian population. The set goal was solved with the help of sociological methods of building worldview groups (“religious”/“non-religious”) and typological groups (“settled”/projective “emigrants”). The sociological search was based on a comparative analysis of the assessments and positions of representatives of these groups in relation to religious, national, socio-economic and socio-political problems. The results of a sociological study show that religious ideas and traditions, spiritual and moral values directly related to them play a significant role in the patriotic and civic positions of student youth in relation to Russian society and the state.

The article presents some of the results of a serial sociological study of student consciousness in the South of Russia, conducted at the universities of the Rostov region by the research team of the Southern Federal University in 2015, 2019 and 2021. Methodologically, the study included a series of free group interviews, questionnaires and focus groups. The analysis of the data obtained allows drawing conclusions about a significant shift in the sentiments of student youth towards greater opposition to the current government, as well as that the most irritating factor is the desire of the political elite to control the Internet. The reason for this irritation is the fact established because of the analysis: the communicative value of the Internet for student youth is at a much deeper level of the cognitive structures of consciousness than traditional political values. If the older generation perceives the Internet as one of the communication technologies, then for young people the Internet is becoming one of the most significant factors of political self-identification. Accordingly, the value of Internet freedom turns out to be one of the most basic for modern youth, comparable to such fundamental values as social connections, recognition, identity, etc. Moreover, the technology of Internet communication itself becomes a factor in the negative self-identification of student youth in relation to the current government, and in relation to Russian society.

The article specifies the role of education in supporting the national security of the state. It is substantiated that national security significantly depends on the state of education since it takes on the most important tasks for society to train the elite of society, management personnel, and highly qualified specialists in all sectors of the economy, affects changes in the social structure of society, and forms the political views of young people. The role of education in the development of critical thinking in young people is analyzed, which is especially important in the context of information war.

Where Do <i>We Get Our</i> Ideas? A Reply to Nelson Polsby

The subject of the article is the analysis of the views and views of students in the multi-ethnic region of Russia, which is the Republic of Bashkortostan, on modern socio-political processes and interethnic relations in the country, identifying the features and factors influencing them. The work is based on data from an ethno-sociological survey conducted at the end of 2021 with the direct participation of the authors of this article. The object of the study is the modern student youth of Bashkortostan. The purpose of the article is to study the views of modern student youth on socio-political processes and interethnic relations, as well as to identify common and specific factors influencing them. In the article, based on specific data of a mass survey using methods adopted in political and sociological sciences, the state of the views and views of student youth is shown, the factors on which their behavior depends to one degree or another are determined. In general, our study showed that today student youth are concerned about approximately the same problems as the entire Russian society and state. Most of all, this concerned problems associated with financial situation, weak social insecurity, financial difficulties that youth face in everyday life, and the safety of citizens.

The article presents the results of a sociological study conducted by a survey in the period from March 2022 to March 2024 by the Department of Public Relations and Applied Political Science of Kazan Federal University in order to identify the level of student interest in politics, youth preferences regarding the choice of sources of political news in the QMS, including in the media, and trust in them. Thus, based on the purpose of the study, its object is the student youth, and the subject is the specifics of the media consumption of political information by the student youth. The data obtained from the study of students' requests for the consumption of political content, its impact on the attitude of young students to politics and the institution of elections in the context of digitalization of everyday media practices are described. The methodological basis of the research was based on the analysis of media consumption by young people, as well as the level of interest in political information, its sources, and forms of presentation in social networks. The empirical base is the data from a survey of KFU students in the period from March 2022 to March 2024. The increasing influence of media systems, digital industries and technologies on all processes taking place in society has actualized the problem of optimizing interaction in the communication space in all its segments, including in the field of politics, in the processes of legitimization of power. The formation of a model of interaction between the younger generation and the government, its communication with the political elite and public administration institutions is particularly difficult. This problem is connected, on the one hand, with the high integration of young people into the digital environment, the mediatized format of socialization, and the growing multi-level demand of the younger generation for social media. On the other hand, the difficulty of establishing communication between young citizens and the authorities is due to their certain detachment from the world of politics. The results obtained indicate a low level of interest among young people in it, which is largely situational in nature, usually associated with some major events. In general, a rather low social and political activity of the new generation has been revealed, which is also recorded by numerous other researchers, since there is undoubtedly a potential interest of the younger generation in politics.

The purpose of the article is to investigate the features of development of the value component of personal identity in student age empirically. Methods of the research. For the research there were used the following theoretical methods: analysis, synthesis, systematization, generalization of theoretical and empirical data on the research problem; empirical ones like testing by methods: “Methodology for personal identity research” (Колесніченко, 2020); “Methodology for diagnosis the level of reflexivity development” (Колесніченко, 2020); “Portrait of Values” (Семків, 2013); “Self-Assessment Questionnaire Test” (Сенчина, 2019); methods of mathematical statistics: descriptive statistics, correlation analysis. Results of the research. It has been established that the students under study have the identity status “Moratorium”, which is characterized by an identity crisis. The study of the value orientations has shown that the values of hedonism, kindness, and achievement are priorities for today’s student youth. In the course of the study of self-attitude, such components as self-respect, autosympathy and self-interest have been analyzed. It has been found that the studied students have an average level of self-respect. Self-sympathy of the subjects has an average level: in general, students are characterized by a favorable attitude towards themselves. Indicators of students’ self-interest are at a level higher than the average, which indicates the presence of a stable cognitive attitude to one’s own “Self”, interest in one’s own thoughts and feelings. It has been established that the average level of development of reflexivity prevails among student youth: students reflect on their current activities, are inclined to introspection in certain life situations. Conclusions. The conducted correlation analysis has confirmed the presence of significant positive relationships between the selected components of the value component of identity and the general status of identity. This indicates that value orientations, self-attitude and reflexivity can act as meaningful components of the value component of students’ personal identity, which has confirmed the proposed assumption.

Background. The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is nowadays widely recognised as important in a globalised economy. Companies often inform the public about initiatives they are involved with in relation to CSR but it is unclear whether such declarations are in synergy with the every-day business reality. Research aims. The research problem is related to whether the declarations of companies concerning activities in the area of CSR overlap or are in synergy with their espoused business practice. Methodology. Empirical research in the form of a questionnaire was conducted among 385 companies operating in Poland. The key questions verifying their activity level in the CSR area concerned: (1) involvement in pro-social endeavours, (2) participation in voluntary initiatives, and (3) creating (or modifying) legal regulations concerning the improvement of working and social conditions. The respondents’ answers were categorized based on the form of ownership, the number of employees as well as the source of capital. Key findings. The general conclusion indicates that the companies’ declarations about CSR are not fully reflected in their real business activities.

The purpose of this article is to determine the role of language and education in the self-identification and socioeconomic integration of repatriates into Kazakh society. The study is based on an analysis of historical materials, a comparison of statistical data and scientific works on this topic, as well as the results of field research – narrative biographical interviews with kandas, which were conducted in 3 regions of Kazakhstan: Almaty region, Esik; East Kazakhstan region, Shygys village; and North Kazakhstan region, the village of Sergeevka. These field studies were carried out in July-August 2023 under the project “Identification aspects of the integration of Kandas into Kazakh society”, dedicated to the problems of adaptation and integration of repatriates in Kazakhstan. The article examines various aspects related to language problems, such as insufficient knowledge of the Russian language, the impact of the language issue on self-identification and sociocultural adaptation and economic integration of the kandas. The article also examines the economic opportunities of repatriates depending on their level of education as well as education programs are offered by the state for young repatriates. In conclusion, the article summarizes the results and offers recommendations for improving integration mechanisms, such as strengthening language and cultural training; development of professional retraining and advanced training programs; simplification of bureaucratic procedures related to employment and obtaining documents; improving information support and consulting services for repatriates. This study is important for understanding and supporting the process of adaptation of kandas and creating a favorable environment for their socio-economic integration in Kazakh society. The results of the study can be used to develop and improve government programs aimed at supporting repatriates. The recommendations proposed in the article can help improve integration mechanisms and create more favorable conditions for the socioeconomic adaptation of the kandas. Taken together, the scientific significance of the article is manifested in its ability to expand knowledge about the processes of integration of repatriates and provide practical recommendations for improving these processes.