Influence of air change rates on indoor CO2 stratification in terms of Richardson number and vorticity

Abstract

Above rules-of-thumb ventilation standard based on air change rate per hour (ACH), it is necessary to assess the indoor airflow and indoor air quality (IAQ) with respect to simple dimensionless numbers from the practical point of view. Hence, this work aims at investigating the influence of air change rates on indoor CO2 stratification and removal with dimensionless time scale ratio (proportional to Ri/α, Richardson number Ri, mass flux ratio α) and vorticity by applying experiment and simulation methods. We firstly carried out a series of experiments with different ACHs along with constant CO2 pollutant sources, further for simulation validation. Next, numerical simulation was employed to investigate five different ACHs (ranged from 4 to 28) on indoor CO2 concentration for two different vent-inlet-size cases. It was found that as the increase of ACH, the averaging outlet CO2 concentration was decreased until ACH equal to 16, both cases starting showing asymptotic behavior. When looking at indoor CO2 distribution, the case with larger vent-inlet size showed clear stratification even with higher ACH value (i.e., 28), due to the relatively smaller vorticity value (i.e., 0.47, with 3.14 for small-vent-size case) and larger Ri magnitude (37 times) compared to the small-vent-size case. Specifically, it is beneficial for indoor CO2 removal to keep time scale ratio Ri/α below 10−3 and vorticity above 1 rather than merely following with high ACH values. These findings will be of great importance for practical applications to design and control ventilation systems in the perspective of health and energy efficiency.