Abstract
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Highlights
This review aims to highlight the major pathological features of the retina in multiple sclerosis, and its most used animal models, with a particular focus on n the role of inflammation
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) involving the retina, the anterior visual pathway (AVP) and less frequently the posterior visual pathway, that in most cases leads to an inexorable neurological disability[1,2]
Information regarding the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) has progressed substantially over the last 20 years
Summary
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) involving the retina, the anterior visual pathway (AVP) and less frequently the posterior visual pathway, that in most cases leads to an inexorable neurological disability[1,2]. The retina exhibits all the pathological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS) (except for demyelination), such as gliosis/fibrosis, perivascular infiltration of immune cells, innate immune activation and blood-brain/retinal barrier disruption[6]. We review retinal pathology and in particular the role of inflammation in ON, in MS patients’ eyes without previous ON, and in the most used animal models of demyelination (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE, and cuprizone); we discuss briefly how optical coherence tomography (OCT) and other imaging tools have improved our ability to directly, longitudinally monitor retinal pathology in brain diseases in the absence of samples for “routine” pathological analysis. We summarize what is understood (and what is assumed) about the underlying mechanisms
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