Industrial Nostalgia

From the mid 1950s, a conceptually and aesthetically more inclusive and conditional sensibility than that of the First Generation Modernists, regarding industrial architecture, came to the fore in the avant-garde ‘brutalist’ and ‘warehouse’ way of thinking. In the mid to late 1960s when British and American manufacturing belt cities and landscapes were the subject of research by Cedric Price, Reyner Banham and others, Elin and Carmen Corneil, practicing and teaching in Toronto, both appreciated the heritage but noted the disastrous urban conditions resulting from the physical separation of places or work from the public realm of those cities. In their 1972 urban regeneration project for the largely abandoned industrial Toronto waterfront they extended the city’s block and street structure into the port lands. They approached the repair and enhancement of the volcanically-damaged fishing port of Vestmannaeyjar (Iceland) similarly, though responding to the smaller scale of the site, on a more varied and detailed level. In harbour competitions for Nuuk, Nordkapp, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Trondheim, and Oslo in the 1980s they sought to repair the ruptured urban fabric involving cultural heritage. Since the 1990s their Arctic work has involved the re-presentation of industrial landscapes in what are now generally depopulated and abandoned heavy industrial environments of the nationalized, fishing, mining and steel industries. This paper focuses on the Corneils’ projects for the exceptional Arctic port-scapes of Melbu, Narvik and Mo-i-Rana, in which they argue for the retention of the coherence of the industrial landscape and the value of robust and direct interventions to effect physical connections and access, establish visual links revealing site histories and accepting the abrupt and symbiotic adjacencies which are the special character of these urban places.

In the context of the French estuary of the Seine River (Normandy), around the urban area of Le Havre, this paper studies the determinants of industrial risk perception of the resident population. More precisely, to what extent the presence of components in the industrial landscape may influence this risk perception. Several complementary methods were combined to evaluate risk perception, assess surrounding landscapes or measure the distance to landscape components. Qualitative, quantitative, and spatial data were collected, pooled and treated in a geographic information system in order to arrive at two main results. First, risk sensitivity depends on various factors including the landscape dimension and the visibility of industrial components. Second, mental maps drawn by people allow a better understanding of industrial risk sensitivity; it appears that areas of risk are more precisely delineated by people who are less worried about risk.

Once a prosperous manufacturing town, Geelong in Victoria, Australia is undergoing a process of deindustrialisation and, in turn, redefining its identity to better retain viability in a globalised world. For instance, the town bid to host a Guggenheim museum on its Eastern Beach shore at the turn of the millennium, and has recently become a UNESCO City of Design (2017). Like so many declining regional industrial towns, Geelong has been undercut by the new economic forces, and has sought a new identity in cultural economies. The ‘Vacant Geelong’ project, which began at Deakin University in 2015 and is ongoing, evolved as a response to vacant industrial architecture in Geelong. Major industries including Ford (vehicles), Alcoa (aluminium), timber sawmills, wool mills, Pilkington Glass, cement works, and the oil refinery once defined the town and its history as an industrial architectural landscape.1 Major industries transformed the architectural and cultural terrain. Despite these cycles of transformation and erasure, and counter to a progressive and chronological approach to change, the ‘Vacant Geelong’ project explored this vacancy of industrial operation, yet presence of industrial architecture. Through inscriptions – artworks, design projects, creative research, installations, texts – it addressed those material realities that did not leave, the industrial structures – silos, ducts, chimneys, warehouses – that give Geelong its continuing industrial architectural character.

Making Industrial Pittsburgh Modern: Environment, Landscape, Transportation, Energy, and Planning

From the mid-eighteenth century onwards, artists have created and recorded industrial landscapes which are constitutive of the North of England, thereby producing an artistic legacy that offers contrasting visions of industrialisation and deindustrialisation. Moreover, the positive/negative dichotomy between nature and industry is blurred in some of the images examined in this chapter, which will focus first on depictions of the mutations of the landscape induced by industrialisation and urbanisation throughout the nineteenth century, before considering the place of art in the industrial city (and vice versa) in relation to artistic taste and the development of an environmental awareness. The next section of the chapter deals with representations of industrial urban landscapes produced in the first half of the twentieth century, which shaped and sustained the classic image of the industrial North. The photographic documentation of industrial decline and the subsequent recording of industrial ruins in the post-industrial era are then explored. This period also coincides with the reuse of industrial buildings for artistic and cultural purposes, which leads us to highlight the role of both visual images and the conversion of industrial heritage in modifying perceptions of, and interactions with, former places of industry.

In the literature of post-1989 Eastern European history, the disintegration of traditional industries and the decline of the factory towns that had been based on them is a well-known topic. Less attention has been paid to the transformation of the countryside or the villages that often served as the supportive network for the factory towns, a phenomenon that was also very typical of Hungary, where migrant or commuter workers became the subject of academic interest long before the collapse of state socialism. This study offers an international perspective and case study of the catchment area of Ózd, a former industrial and factory city located in northeastern Hungary that was once an important centre of Hungarian metallurgy and mining. In my analysis I address the related topic of how the decline of traditional industries affected this former industrial city and its surrounding villages, whose inhabitants mostly worked in industry until the industrial landscape and its society disappeared. This study focuses on Ózd and its surroundings, where the survival and sustenance of the population was directly threatened by the closure of collective farms, factories, plants and mines in the area.

Against the background of economic transformation and urban renewal, the protection and sustainable development of urban industrial landscapes has become an important practical issue, and how to maintain the unique local culture of these landscapes is key to solving the problem. By integrating the concept of “layer” and regarding the landscape as text, this paper will investigate the representation of industrial landscapes and the process of changes in power represented by different actors through different texts from the perspective of representation. The paper selected Beijing 798 as the research area to explore the shaping of changes in the industrial landscape of 798 from a weapon manufacturing area to an arts district, creative industry park and the “pan 798” by the factory owners, government, management committee, artists, media and tourists through different presentation forms, revealing the game process of representation of powers among the coalition between artists, management committee and the government. The paper points out that in fact, the representation of industrial landscape by different actors through different texts is a process that continues to explore and define the value of landscape. However, we need to look at this when the value of the industrial landscape is no longer given by localized life practices, but rather depends on different actors to produce and reproduce the value of landscape by representation, and thereby affecting the sustainable development of industrial landscape.

Ecosystems and competition law in theory and practice

Most of metallurgy industry enterprises in our country were built early and the architectures of which were old while environment colors miscellaneous. With the rapid development of economy and improvement of aesthetic standard, the art and aesthetic of industry architecture environment was paid the important attention. Color plays a very important role in the environmental cognition aspects. It can not only facilitate people to cognitive surrounding responsible and dangerous working environment, but also to allow workers to improve work efficiency and improve the living comfort level. A good relationship with the color and the industry environment is important to our future industrial landscape design and industrial architecture design. And we should present the building colors with new ways so as to create Chinese industrial culture with Chinese characteristics. Based on the industry architecture environment, this article expounds the importance, emotional and functional of color design, and deeply analysis the effect and influence factors of color design in industry landscape architecture environment, and also brought the requirement to color design.

One of the most profound changes in the industrial landscape in the last decade has been the growth of business ecosystems—groups of connected firms, drawing on (digital) platforms that leverage their complementors and lock in their customers, exploiting the “bottlenecks” that emerge in new industry architectures. This has created new asymmetries of power, where the “field” of competition is not the relevant product market, as is usually the case in competition law, but rather the ecosystem of various complementary products and associated complementor firms. These dynamics raise novel concerns over competition. After examining the foundational elements of the ecosystem concept, we review how ecosystems are addressed within the current scope of competition law and identify the gap in the existing framework of conventional competition law. We then move to a critical review of current efforts and proposals in the European Union for providing regulatory remedies for ex ante and ex post resolution of problems, focusing on the current (2020) proposals of the Digital Market Act on ex ante regulation, with its particular focus on “gatekeepers.” We also review recent regulatory initiatives in European countries that focus on ex post regulation and on the role of business models and ecosystem architectures in regulation before providing a deep dive into proposed Greek legislation that explicitly focuses on ecosystem regulation. We conclude with our observations on the challenges in instituting and implementing a regulatory framework for ecosystems, drawing on research and our own engagement in the regulatory process.

The article presents an analysis of the development of industrial architecture in the territory of modern Kazakhstan, from the 18th century to the present day. The aim of the study is to identify the patterns of development of industrial architecture in Kazakhstan, analyze its historical stages, and determine the factors influencing its transformation. The relevance of the research lies in the rapid growth of industry in Kazakhstan and the need to adapt industrial architectural design to modern requirements. The practical significance is in the possibility of applying the obtained data to optimize the design of industrial facilities, taking into account the principles of sustainable development and integration into the urban environment. The resear ch is based on architectural analysis methods combined with historical-analytical approaches, as well as typological and comparative assessments of objects and phenomena. It examines the preconditions and main stages of the formation and transformation of industrial architecture – from the emergence of the first production facilities to the construction of modern industrial complexes. It has been established that the diversity and richness of natural resources, socio - economic development, formation of specialized settlements, and adaptation of architectural solutions to technological changes are key preconditions for the evolution of industrial architecture. The study identifies four main periods in the development of industrial architecture in Kazakhstan, outlines their specific features in each historical stage, and highlights the current trends in the transformation of urban industrial areas. It is determined that today industrial architecture in Kazakhstan is developing through the active implementation of innovative and digital technologies, automation, and sustainable approaches, contributing to the creation of ecological, functional, and adaptive structures. The key directions of its further improvement are integration with urban space, infrastructure modernization, increased efficiency of production processes, and the creation of a comfortable working environment

Deposition fluxes of sulphur and nitrogen in bulk and throughfall precipitation were monitored for the 1994–2000 period for seven small forest catchments in the GEOMON network, Czech Republic (CR). Four catchments are situated at similar elevations (roughly between 800 and 1000 m) and represent three areas: the Black Triangle near the Krusne hory Mts. coalfield (catchments JEZ and LYS), the Orlicke hory Mts., close to the Polish industrial regions (UDL), and the Sumava Mts., a relatively unpolluted area (LIZ). Three catments (GEM, POM, LES) lie at lower elevations (400–600 m) in Central Bohemia. A substantial decrease in the bulk and throughfall deposition of pollutants occurred as a result of the desulphurisation programme implemented in the Czech Republic between 1996 and 1998. A reduction has been described mainly in the Krusne hory Mts. (JEZ), in Slavkovský les (LYS) and also in Central Bohemia (GEM). The decrease in the throughfall to less than one half within a single year in POM (Central Bohemia) was an example of a direct response to the local emission reduction in the nearby Chvaletice power plant. However, in some areas, the throughfall deposition of sulphur, which includes wet and dry deposition, is still significant, especially at higher elevations. Recent forest degradation was observed in the Orlicke hory Mts., where, particularly in 1998, as much as 91.1 kg S was found in coniferous throughfall. The fraction of dry deposition in the coniferous forests of CR represents 30–70% of the total deposition. The difference between coniferous (higher) and deciduous (lower) throughfall fluxes is significant because of the larger surface area of conifers and year-round exposure to air-borne sulphur. At several of the GEOMON sites, the flux of nitrogen via throughfall increased during the observation period and, at the end of the studied period (2000), nitrogen became the main source of acidification, replacing sulphur compounds. The highest fluxes (81.7 kg N ha-1 yr-1)were measured in 2000 in the Orlicke hory Mts., which provide an example of multiple causes of forest decline – the direct impact of air pollution, abundance of nitrogen, acidification and secondary stressors (weather changes, insect pests, fungal infections). A comparison is given with data from other countries.

Species of Ulidiidae (Diptera) have been studied in the Hrabanovská černava reserve, a well-preserved calcareous lowland rich fen situated in the Polabská nížina (Elbe river basin) near Lysá nad Labem, in Central Bohemia (Czech Republic). A total of 9 species have been recorded, including two representing the first records from the Czech Republic: Herina oscillans (Meigen, 1826) and Euxesta notata (Wiedemann, 1830), the latter being a recent invader from North America. Herina scutellaris Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 has been confirmed in the Czech Republic and recorded from the northernmost known locality. The latter species, and particularly H. oscillans, are considered the most significant elements of this fen type. Due to their unique occurrence and association with a highly endangered biotope, it is proposed to consider them as endangered (EN) species in the Czech Republic. A second record of Homalocephala biumbrata (Wahlberg, 1839) from Bohemia is presented. The species richness of Ulidiidae in the fen under study and habitat association of all recorded species are discussed.

Evolution of the Middle Westphalian river valley drainage system in central Bohemia (Czech Republic) and its palaeogeographic implication

The role of industrial heritage objects in the image of a city is considered. Using specimens of industrial architecture from Nizhny Novgorod as research material, three scenarios of their functioning in the urban socio-cultural space are demonstrated: architectural object as an illustration of the phenomenon of industrialization of the country; as a monument of engineering thought, and as an object that brings about material artifacts that become symbols of the region. Methodologically, the study displays a value-based approach: not only does industrial architecture perform a utilitarian function in the urban space, but it also contributes to the image of the city, reflecting the values that dominate and guide its communities and development strategies. A review of domestic semiotic research suggests three ways by which objects of industrial heritage become key elements in the geocultural image of Nizhny Novgorod. These include communication of invariant information, actualization of citizens’ creative activities, and preservation of iconic elements of its history and achievements in the city's memory. By performing the above informative, creative and memorial functions, objects of industrial heritage influence the formation of the so-called phenomenon of urban patriotism. Acting through its industrial facilities, urban space concentrates in itself the memory of significant events and achievements of both the city and the country about people who contributed to the development of the city, thereby forming a special mental field that can be considered as a local axiological paradigm. Action being taken to integrate former industrial facilities into the socio-cultural space of the city contributes to the understanding of the city as a mental structure.