Abstract
The potential for genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of tolylfluanid-based fungicide (50% active agent) was evaluated using sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and proliferation indices (PI) in cultured bovine peripheral lymphocytes. For the detection of possible genetic damage, DNA fragmentation assay was also applied. Bovine lymphocytes cultured for 72 h were treated with the fungicide at the final concentrations of 1.75, 3.5, 8.75, and 17.5 μg/mL for the last 24 and 48 h of culture without S9 metabolic activation, and during the last 2 h of culture with S9 metabolic activation. In the SCE assays no evidence for genotoxic activity of the fungicide was found in treatments of 24 h without and 2 h with S9. After the 24 h exposure to tolylfluanid, a weak decrease in the PI was observed. With the prolonged exposure time (48 h), dose dependence in the increase of SCE frequencies was observed. Moreover, after 48 h exposure slight fragmentation of DNA at the concentrations of 3.5 and 8.75 μg/mL was demonstrated. SCE quantification is the most widely used approach for the assessment of genotoxic/cytogenetic effects of chemical compounds. Positive results in the assay at 48 h exposure indicated a potential of the fungicide to increase frequency of chromosomal damage (replication injuries) that is the confirmation of early effect of exposure.
Highlights
Tolylfluanid is a member of the phenylsulfamide group of fungicides and it has been applied in agriculture for control of fungal diseases during thinning, pruning, and harvesting fruits and vegetables (Tielemans et al, 1999, Stajnbaher and Zupancic-Kralj, 2008)
We present the results of cytogenetic studies using sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and proliferation indices (PI) as biomarkers, as well those on DNA fragmentation as a biochemical distinctive feature of apoptotic cell death
The treatment with the highest dose of the tested fungicide was demonstrated to cause an increase in SCE frequency in both donors, yet only incomplete second metaphases could be analysed in donor 1
Summary
Tolylfluanid is a member of the phenylsulfamide group of fungicides and it has been applied in agriculture for control of fungal diseases during thinning, pruning, and harvesting fruits and vegetables (Tielemans et al, 1999, Stajnbaher and Zupancic-Kralj, 2008). Fungicides such as tolylfluanid, captan, cyprodinil, tebuconazole, etc., tend to be more often detected in vegetables and fruits than are insecticides or herbicides (Looser et al, 2006, Basa Cesnik et al, 2006, Tichá et al, 2008, Knezevi et al, 2009). Crg mutant was sensitive to numerous genotoxic compounds that are known to induce inhibition of DNA replication
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