Indoor Positioning in 5G New Radio: How It Works, Status Quo of Research, and The Road Ahead

1. Introduction: status quo, method and theory of research, and the question Where does speech come from? 1.1. Status quo of research about the origin of speech Speaking from a generalizing perspective, the question 'Where does speech come from?' is probably one of the oldest questions asked by humans, since there was an awareness of speech. Actually, we find answers to this question in scholarly writings, in the arts, and in spiritual dogmatic writings. Speech in cultures without writing can hardly be preserved and so, besides the oral tradition, documentations about speech as an object and tool prior to the time of written recordings do not exist. Through oral tradition we have a documentation of speech from prior times. An example for such documentations is A Thousand and One Nights. Also many religions construct a relation between speech and their god(s). So e.g. the New Testament (John 1:1) is written: [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (Greek New Testament. Tischendorf (8th ed. with diacritics)) We will translate this here as follows: In the beginning was the word, and the word was with the god, and god was the word. The most surprising aspect here is that the sentence, directed against speakers, uses pseudo-logical syllogism for the identification of god and the word. But we must be aware of the change of meanings of speech, even within one language: The Greek word [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] originally meant 'word', but was also used for a concrete speech in the cultural context of the art of rhetoric. This is just one example for the identification of speech with a god. We have also a goddesses of speech Vac and Saraswati in Hinduism and in Old Egypt the god Thot, religious doctrines that instruct their followers how to speak in Christianity, in Islam, in Confucianism, and specific religious forms of speech (prayer, chanting). Speech is of course a structural element of literature and linguistic products and besides the scholarly writings many persons with the ability to write wrote about speech. Plato, Aristotle, and the rhetoricians established the meaning 'speech' of the word logos (Liddell, Scott). With Plato we reach a perspective on speech (logos), which implements speech into a discursive philosophy. The dialogue Theaetet used the word logos in the phrase [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] which Fowler translates as 'true opinion accompanied by reason': [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (Plato. Platonis Opera) Fowler translates this as follows: [201c] Theaetetus Oh yes, I remember now, Socrates, having heard someone make the distinction, but I had forgotten it. He said that knowledge was true opinion accompanied by reason, [201d] but that unreasoning true opinion was outside of the sphere of knowledge; and matters of which there is not a rational explanation are unknowable--yes, that is what he called them--and those of which there is are knowable. (Plato. Plato in Twelve Volumes) The Merriam Webster Dictionary (2010) provides us with the following definitions of speech that are placed across all areas of communication, human speaking, utterance, rhetoric, language, and speech style: 1a: the communication or expression of thoughts in spoken words 1b: exchange of spoken words: conversation 2a: something that is spoken: utterance 2b: a usually public discourse: address 3a: language, dialect 3b: an individual manner or style of speaking 4: the power of expressing or communicating thoughts by speaking (Merriam Webster Dictionary) The Merriam Webster Dictionary traces the origin of speech back to Middle English 'speche', from Old English 'spraec' and 'spaec'; akin to Old English 'sprecan' to 'speak'. The first known use of the English word 'speech' was before the 12th century (Merriam-Webster). Taking the definitions of speech in the contemporary dictionary Merriam Webster Dictionary (2010) as status quo of average knowledge about speech in the community of Western English speakers, a desideratum inquiring the concept of speech is an alternative to the ambivalent definitions that indicate the simplified use of this term among contemporary speakers. …

Fire emergency evacuation study has been conducted for decades. In recent two decades, the fire emergency evacuation studies have been incorporating new technologies due to the high demands on efficient and safe evacuation for occupants who have various needs. The proposed fire emergency evacuation system from academic research and solutions from industry practices adopt different technologies to serve various evacuees. Therefore, this study conducts literature review to understand the status quo of current fire emergency evacuation research and practice. It shows that fire emergency evacuation studies mainly focus on the facility operation stage instead of design and construction stages. The facilities include residential buildings, education buildings, subways, shopping centers, etc. Three critical factors affect efficient and safe fire emergency evacuation in a built environment – facility physical features, fire characteristics, and human behavior. This study categories these new technologies, which are incorporated into the fire emergency evacuation research and practices within the recent two decades, into four groups: (1) Facility geometrical analysis, which includes the technologies such as BIM, GIS, VR and the combination of BIM/GIS/VR (2) Fire and smoke simulation, e.g. FDS and Pyrosim. The simulation output such as fire and smoke dynamics is incorporated into intelligent fire evacuation system (3) Crowd evacuation simulation software, e.g. Pathfinder, Massmotion; the output of simulation is used to develop personalized evacuation system (4) Indoor positioning system and mobile device/IoT technology to track and evacuate occupants intelligently. This study presents these new technologies used in the fire emergency evacuation systems and indicates that the development of an intelligent and personalized emergency evacuation system, which may track the evacuees in real time, is the future research trend.

Along with the rapid economic development in recent years, people's demands for electricity have also been increasing very rapidly, which makes the power industry grow very fast, however, there have also been new challenges for the safety of the grid. Due to the complexity of China's topography, many power transmission lines under construction and planning are inevitable to pass through the high-altitude areas. Due to the high altitude and low air pressure, a number of external environmental factors are quite different from these of the low-altitude areas, and all these factors have a great impact on the power transmission lines, which will bring a lot of special problems to the design and operation of the power transmission lines. This paper describes the finite element method analysis which is used to calculate the relevant parameters of power transmission lines in high-altitude areas, as well as the status quo of the research on high-voltage AC power transmission lines in high-altitude areas. By analyzing the status quo of these studies and combined with the actual terrain situations of high-altitude areas, we can provide the construction of high-voltage AC power transmission line in high-altitude areas with some valuable references, thus to ensure the safe operation of such power transmission lines.

Purpose Relational governance has been attracting more and more attention in this century. Current research in relational governance field mainly discusses the impact of relational governance on exchange performance, the interrelation between relational and formal governance, etc. However, the limitation of the existing research in relational governance research subfield is that fewer studies have conducted a review-based study to assess global relational governance research. In other words, an attempt at research looking backward, the status quo, as well as looking forward toward research frontiers and openings for future research on global relational governance is almost nonexistent. To attempt to fill this opening, this study aims to review the global relational governance research from 2000 to 2020 combining quantitative analysis (bibliometric analysis) with qualitative analysis (content analysis). The objective of this study is as follows: 1) to look backward to discern the status quo of relational governance research from 2000 to 2020; and 2) to attempt look forward the research frontiers and opening s for future research; 3) to derive and propose a basic framework in this field.Methodology As a literature review based on the bibliometric methods, it is important to look back at papers which have been published in the past by presenting and analyzing the massive literature data. Furthermore, it is critical to propose trends that are emerging in this research field. That’s to say, both forward looking and backward looking are necessary. Accordingly, we adopted a four-step workflow consisting of data collection, descriptive analysis, quantitative analysis, and qualitative analysis complementing the results of quantitative analysis. That is to say, this paper in lock step manner combines quantitative analysis with qualitative analysis to look backward uncovering status quo of global relational governance research from 2000 to 2020, and to attempt to look identifying research frontiers and openings for future research. Especially, in quantitative analysis section, by using the tool of CitespaceV, we can objectively look backward the research hot topics and look forward research trends and frontiers initially. Subsequently, the qualitative analysis complementing the results of quantitative analysis, aims to further look backward the research topics which are important but ignored in the quantitative analysis and look forward research openings in relational governance research field. By this mean, we can draw a relatively objective and comprehensive conclusion on global relational governance research.Findings Using the data gathered from the WOS core collection database, we looked backward the status quo, and looked forward the research openings on global relational governance research. As for the status quo, the influential countries and institutions, pivotal scholars, key documents, hot topics, research trends, and frontiers were identified. With regard to the journals, Industrial Marketing Management and Journal of Business Research were the most influential journals in relational governance research field. The performance of Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing was also excellent. As for the academic performances of different stakeholders, countries such as England, USA, Spain, Australia, and China made great academic contributions to relational governance research. Institutions consisting of University of London, City University of Hong Kong, University of Hong Kong and University of Wisconsin System had the prominent influence. In term of authors, Laura Poppo and Kevin Zheng Zhou had the prominent impact in this research field. Through document co-citation analysis in quantitative analysis, top 3 literatures in terms of the importance of degree of all the literatures were found. As for research hot topics, ten research topics were identified by the quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis: the integration research combining formal governance with relational governance, the impactful factors of relational governance, the effect of relational governance, the norm and dimension of relational governance, supplier-manufacturer relationships/supply chain management, IT/outsourcing, (complex) projects, China, alliance, and commitment. With regard to research frontiers, three research frontiers including behavior, complementarity, and absorptive capacity were detected by quantitative analysis. Additionally, three stages of relational governance research were concluded by comprehensive induction: the first phase (2002–2008) covering the norm and the effect of relational governance, and the second phase (2009–2013) extending of research scope and objective, and the last phase (2014–2020) representing the research frontiers of relational governance research. Furthermore, three research opening s lacking of investigation and required further research were identified, including concerning how and when relational and formal governance are related, the “dark sides” of the relational governance and the research from the perspective of psychology.Originality The present research is the first that investigates the global relational governance research status quo and offers researchers a comprehensive and deeper understanding in relational governance research field. The findings can offer a more comprehensive and deeper understanding on the research status quo, “hot” topics, research trends and frontiers of global relational governance research from 2000 to 2020 and research opening for future research. Consequently, the present research represents a contribution in business marketing theory development and inter-organizational relationship management.

Iterative maximum-likelihood estimation algorithm for clock offset and skew correction in UWB systems assisted by 5G NR multipath

Indoor Localization With Multi-Beam of 5G New Radio Signals

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the status quo with regards to business process management (BPM) and collaboration and to show potential fields of future research in the area of collaborative BPM.Design/methodology/approachTo obtain results, authors employ the method of a systematic literature review using relevant existing guidelines. They not only search leading journals and conferences in the fields but also in ISI web of knowledge's web of science. Subsuming, 39 relevant articles are selected and analyzed with regards to concepts identified upfront.FindingsThe paper finds that collaborative BPM is a growing trend in information systems research, but that there still exist significant research gaps. Hence, it proposes a research agenda consisting out of five action fields pointing at potentially fruitful directions for future research.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, this paper provides an overview of the status quo in the field of collaborative BPM to young scholars. Second, it identifies five distinct research gaps that could be worth studying. However, this paper may be limited by the choice of dimensions and the selection of relevant articles.Practical implicationsThis paper informs practitioners about the status quo of research on collaborative BPM. Here, especially the analysis in the dimensions collaboration partner and BPM goals can help to evaluate the practitioner's strategy.Originality/valueThe results of this paper present the status quo of collaborative BPM literature. Hence, it also identifies research gaps and derives a research agenda.

A driving force for the realization of a sustainable energy supply is the integration of renewable energy resources. Due to their stochastic generation behaviour, energy utilities are confronted with a more complex operation of the underlying power grids. Additionally, due to technology developments, controllable loads, integration with other energy sources, changing regulatory rules, and the market liberalization, the system’s operation needs adaptation. Proper operational concepts and intelligent automation provide the basis to turn the existing power system into an intelligent entity, a cyber-physical energy system. The electric energy system is therefore moving from a single system to a system of systems. While reaping the benefits with new intelligent behaviors, it is expected that system-level developments, architectural concepts, advanced automation and control as well as the validation and testing will play a significantly larger role in realizing future solutions and technologies. The implementation and deployment of these complex systems of systems are associated with increasing engineering complexity resulting also in increased engineering costs. Proper engineering and validation approaches, concepts, and tools are partly missing until now. Therefore, this paper discusses and summarizes the main needs and requirements as well as the status quo in research and development related to the engineering and validation of cyber-physical energy systems. Also research trends and necessary future activities are outlined.

Smart Water uses sensor equipment to sense natural water and social water circulation system, to achieve real-time monitoring and dynamic collection, scheduling and remote management of water information through Internet of Things, and to realize the deep processing of multi-source heterogeneous data through the data mining and multi-dimensional analysis of the information system, which provides an important reference for the intelligent management and decision-making of urban water affairs. With the continuous innovation of information technology such as big data and cloud computing, smart water development has ushered in new opportunities. This paper mainly summarizes the status quo of smart water research at home and abroad from the perspective of application practice, and analyzes the main problems facing the development of smart water in China. the development trend of smart water is proposed according to the current technological development and industry needs.

基于文献计量分析的珊瑚礁研究现状与热点

To study the status quo of research on geological hazards in the Central China Orogen and its geological distribution quantitatively, we used bibliometric methods and deeply analysed the numbers, the authors and research institutions involved, and the distribution and changes of the research contents of papers on geological hazards published from 1962 to 2016. This review involved 26,677 documents, 26,339 authors, and 11,095 research institutions. The results showed that the study of geological hazards has significant time‐domain characteristics. In this field, the greatest number of papers was published in Recent Developments in World Seismology and the Chinese Journal of Geophysics–Chinese Edition, with 456 and 159 papers, respectively. As shown by an analysis of keywords, the current research focuses mainly on the evaluation, distribution characteristics, development regularity, detection and prediction, and prevention and control of geological hazards. The conclusions find that the authors of foreign‐published papers are mostly Chinese researchers, which cannot reflect the status quo of foreign research in this field to a certain extent. Differentiation between domestic and foreign research approaches and objectives through comparative analysis should be further explored.

PurposeThis paper investigates the status quo in the literature on sustainable foreign direct investment "FDI" in West and Central Africa. It is believed that utilizing the FDI Qualities Policy Toolkit developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development "OECD" will help identify which policies are acknowledged today and the ones that may need particular attention from academia and policymakers.Design/methodology/approachThe paper utilizes a literature triangulation of FDI, sustainability, and economic development theories to extract the seed of a narrative helping to capture the current theoretical agenda and policy implications around the phenomenon of sustainable FDI in West and Central Africa. We selected and scrutinized (N = 53) articles published in various academic journals between January 2019 and March 2022 and investigating issues around sustainable FDI. The OECD framework later assisted in mapping today's theoretical agenda and policy inferences related to sustainable FDI in the region.FindingsIt is acknowledged that there is an ongoing theoretical discussion informing on policy implications around the subject of sustainable FDI in West and Central Africa. It seems to be a consensus about the role of FDI's quality in enhancing sustainable regional growth. However, the use of the taxonomy has shown a clear focus on macroeconomic and ecological determinants reinforced through the OECD-defined policy dimensions of technical and financial support and international agreements and standards. The review allowed the perception of a theoretical gap in sustainability outcomes around the subjects of social justice in general and gender diversity in particular. It is recommended that academia and policymakers emphasize FDI theories and policies around the OECD framework of governance and domestic regulations.Originality/valueThe paper informs through a literature-based review on determinants that academia and policymakers need to give particular attention to for better addressing all subjects around sustainable FDI in West and Central Africa. The paper proactively advises on specific phenomena that should be considered to avoid the fulfillment of the hypothesis of an "African sustainable growth tragedy."

Artificial intelligence is the most important form of technological social change at present. In order to understand the status quo of AI research in Shandong and objectively reflect the development trend and technical hotspots, this report was based on AI research papers to understand the current research status. We analyzed issuing trend, research organizations, technologies, and then, offered some proposals for management on the development of AI.

Cancer immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been shown to be a promising strategy in the treatment of various malignancies. Despite the proven efficacy and tolerability of ICIs based on 113 clinical trials globally, data regarding the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of ICIs in the Chinese population are lacking. As of June 1, 2018, not a single ICI has been approved by the China Food and Drug Administration. Currently, there are 26 ongoing phase I studies actively investigating the safety, antitumor activity, and PK/PD profiles of six multinational corporation (MNC)-developed ICIs and eight domestic-developed ICIs in the Chinese population. Data regarding study designs, treatment interventions, targeted populations, and the current states of these studies were collected and summarized. We outlined 8 phase I studies assessing MNC-developed ICIs and 18 phase I studies assessing domestic-developed ICIs in the Chinese population in this article, in order to provide researchers with a clear picture of the status quo of ICI research and developments in China. Immuno-oncology in China remains at a preliminary stage. Despite the substantial amount of phase I studies of ICIs, early-phase studies with designs incorporating characteristics of Chinese patients are still lacking. Cancer immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of various malignancies. However, data regarding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of ICIs in the Chinese population are lacking. Currently, there are 26 phase I studies actively investigating 14 ICIs in China. In this article, we outlined all the ongoing phase I studies of multinational corporation-developed ICIs and domestic-developed ICIs targeting the Chinese population, hoping to shed some light on the status quo of ICI research and developments in China.

Exploring blockchain-based innovations for economic and sustainable development in the global south: A mixed-method approach based on web mining and topic modeling